Doctorate Theses and dissertation

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Effects of Regulatory Reforms on Security Market Returns: Evidence from Nairobi Securities Exchange
(2014-04) Gillian, Wambeti Mwaniki
Capital markets are key to the economic development of any economy. Most governments have invested immensely on the capital markets through regulation to ensure that the investors are protected and making the market more efficient. The responsibility of regulation of the capital market in Kenya rests with the Capital Market Authority. Since its establishment the authority has created a regulatory framework that is aimed at creating orderliness, fairness and efficiency in the capital market. This study aims at examining the effect of reforms, guidelines and regulations enacted by the capital market authority on stock market returns. This was achieved through carrying out an event study methodology on specific regulation independently. The causal research design was used on each event to find out whether there was any significant difference between pre and post regulation by observing the behaviour of abnormal returns and stock returns volatility. Data was collected from a sample of 39 companies out a population of 55 companies which traded continuously from 1998 to 2010. NSE and stock returns were subjected to market model to determine alpha and beta to calculate abnormal returns. The GARCH model was used to find the significant difference between the pre and post regulation through stock market volatility. The study results indicate that each regulation analysed had evidence of abnormal returns that accumulated slowly over the event period for each of the regulations under analysis. The analysis of regulation on insider trading shows high level of abnormal returns ranging from O to 8. The analysis of the information disclosure regulation, corporate governance and licensing requirements regulations indicates reduced abnormal returns ranging from -02 to 0.7,-0.4-0.6 and -0.4-0.06 respectively. The regulation on the Central Depositories (operational rules) had abnormal returns ranging from -1 to 4 but much was after the regulation was enacted. This could be attributed to the December 2002 general election which constituted the pre regulation period. All regulation indicated reduced volatility during the post regulation measured using the GARCH model. This is an indication of the positive effects of the regulation on Stock returns. The volatility of the mean, standard deviation and variance indicates that the market efficiency has improved as new regulations were being enacted by CMA. Each regulation created shock in volatility of the stock returns which was not persistent over time. The results indicate that investors viewed the regulation as good news to the market. There was anticipation among the investors before each regulation was enacted by CMA as reflected by stock volatility during the pre -regulation period. The study concludes that regulation of the capital market bring about efficiency through reduced volatility and reduced abnormal returns as successive regulations are enacted by the government. These results create attention to policy makers on the implementation of reforms, regulation and guidelines targeting market operations and institutional development in Kenya.
Key Account Management, E-Commerce, Implementation Models, Market Orientation and Performance of Selected Private Sectors Firms in Kenya
(KeMU, 2014-05) Muhia, charlse mwangi
Modern business firms are facing stiff competition in this era of a rapidly changing business environment coupled with the globalization of markets. Consequently, many firms have adapted key accounts management model to build, nurture and maintain strong customer bonds in addition to other marketing strategies. The key account management model has successfully been utilized in the developed economies. With the advent of e-commerce, business environment has rapidly changed impacting greatly on business strategies practices. This is not the case in developing countries like Kenya, thus this study assessed the effects of key accounts management on selected private sector firms 'in Ken-ya. The core ofthis study was to assess the relationship between key accounts management, e-commerce, implementation models, market orientation and performance of private sector firms in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: assess the effect of key success factors of key account management on performance of private sector firms; assess the effect of implementation models on firm performance; establish the effects of e-commerce; and lastly establish the role of market orientation on the firm performance. Descriptive survey research design was used and data was collected through questionnaires that were e-mailed to the respondents. The target population comprised of private sector firms operating in Kenya with a minimum turnover of KES750 Million per annum during year 2010 and 2011. The population comprised of 301 firms and a sample size of 168 firms was obtained through stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis was done using factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Jn order to test the proposed theoretical study model, Structural Equation Modeling was performed using AMOS version 17.0. The model was supported as having a good fit since all the key statistical indices were above or below the recommended levels. The findings showed that core success factors of key accounts management (organizational, inter-firm and individual factors) significantly impacted firm performance as was indicated by the regression model results (R2 = 0.487, p= 0.01). The three main implementation models (change, collaborative and cultural variables) had a significant effect on firm's performance as indicated by the regression model results (R2 = 0.624, p = 0.01). E-commerce had a significant impact on the firm's performance (R2 = 0.662, p = 0.01). Finally, market orientation significantly influenced firm performance (R2 = 0.224, p = 0.01). In conclusion, key account management strategy significantly affected the firm's performance while e-commerce influenced firm performance through information technology and organizational capabilities. From this study it is recommended that managers of private sector firms should tap into this new knowledge regarding key account management to enhance their competitiveness.
Determinants of Sustainable Competitive Advantage Within Food and Beverage Firms in Kenya
(2014-06) Stephen, Laititi Mutunga
Urbanization is proceeding at a high pace with urban dwellers expected to outnumber rural population in the near future. The demand for processed foods with shorter preparation periods that offer convenience for the urban population is high and is set to increase. This calls for higher processing capacity in the food and beverage industries. Stiff competition is already being experienced in this industry in Kenya which calls for firms to position themselves strategically to survive. Investment in competitive strategies by companies in this industry is critical for their survival and will determine their success or collapse in future. This study aimed at empirically analyzing the nature of competitive strategies companies in the food and beverage sector engaged in to acquire sustainable competitive advantage, and the drivers underlying that competitiveness. Purposive sampling of 95 food and beverage firms located in Nairobi and Mombasa and their environs and registered with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers was done. The study was designed as a survey of all the firms targeting the chief executive, the finance/marketing manager or the human resource manager as respondents. The study design was descriptive. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. The data was then coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the 95 firms surveyed, 32 successfully participated giving a response rate of 33.7 percent. Statistical analysis revealed that cost leadership generic strategy was significant as a predictor of sustainable competitive advantage while differentiation was not. On effects of firm resources on sustainable competitive advantage, the study found that effects of organizational structure were statistically significant and critical to success of firms in this industry. The use of human capital in innovative adaptation was found statistically significant for owner/chairman and executive management. Dynamic operational efficiency was found to be driven mostly by efficiency of production processes which was statistically significant while effects of selected macroeconomic factors of inflation, exchange rates and interest rates were not statistically significant. The failure at significance tests of macroeconomic factors meant that the factors were not critical at influencing the business environment of the food and beverage firms in Kenya. The findings of this study are important in academia, industry, and government by adding to the body of knowledge and enlightening on the competitive nature of the food and beverage industry in Kenya. The findings are enriching in the developing areas of resource capability configurations (resource based view of the firm) and the linkage with generic strategies in the Kenyan environment. The findings will be useful to investors especially in the food and beverage sector which is the leading one in Kenya in the background of devolved governments and development of counties as well as rapidly growing urban centers which are the new frontiers for industrialization. Use of perceptual performance data for sustainable competitive advantage was found appropriate and longitudinal or time series studies as well as use of secondary data on performance is recommended for future research on this subject.
The Influence of External Educational Environment on Wastage Reduction Strategies of the Boy Child Output in Kenyan Primary Schools
(KeMU, 2014-06) Jacinta, Wanjiku Mwaura
This is a study on 'The influence of external educational environment on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child output in Kenyan primary schools'. Every time The Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of education releases national examinations there is an outcry of marginalization of the boy child after which nothing is changes begging the question is the boy child not as a critical human resource as the girl child. The systems theory was applied in the study. The objectives of the study were to: establish the status of the boy child educational process and wastage reduction strategies between 200 I and 2008; establish the influence of policy framework on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child; establish the influence of. social cultural practices on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child; establish the influence of boarding arrangements on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child; determine the influence of teacher gender on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child; establish the influence of family background on wastage reduction strategies of the boy child; and to develop a model for wastage reduction strategies of the boy child. A descriptive survey research design was used in this research with a target population of public primary schools of more than one stream in 2001. The population comprised of 693 and a sample of was arrived at through stratified random sampling. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data and hypotheses tested. Further, a regression analysis was run for the dependent variable against the independent variables. Hypotheses tests were carried out. The findings established the influence of external environment on wastage reduction strategies as having a good fit since all key statistical indices were above or below the recommended levels. The influence of external educational environment was indicated by regression model results (R2=0.587, p=0.00). The five independent variables had a significant influence on wastage reduction strategies as indicated by regression results (R2=0.62, p=0.02). Policy statements had a significant influence on wastage reduction strategies (R 2=0.59, p=O.O I), socio-cultural practices also had a significant influence on wastage reduction strategies (R 2=0.4 7, p=O.O I), boarding arrangements influence on wastage reduction strategies was at (R2=0.60, p=O.O 1 ), teacher gender influence on wastage reduction strategies was at (R2=0.3 l , p=0.03), while family background influence on wastage reduction strategies was at (R2=0.64, p=0.00). In conclusion policy statements, teacher gender, family background boarding arrangements and social cultural practices influenced wastage reduction Strategies. The findings concurred with Kibutu(2006), Kashu (2006), Omutako (2007) and De Corte (2003). The study recommended the development of policy statement for the boy child in particular among other recommendations. Areas for further research include further research to establish the age at which the boy child is most likely to drop out of school. The study established that the theory of production, retention and ansition theories are applicable to the specific case of the influence of wastage reduction strategies of the boy child output in Kenyan primary schools.
Effects of Situational Factors and Packaging Characteristics on the Outcome of Purchase Behavior in Kenyan Supermarkets
(2014-06) Hannah, Wanjiku Wambugu
Previous studies on shopping behavior have paid considerable attention to the effect of situational factors in explaining the outcome of consumer's buying behavior in the supermarkets. Other studies have limited the explanation of consumer's shopping behavior to the influence of packaging elements. However, no study has considered the effect of the two sets of factors on the shopper's behavior at the supermarkets in same framework. Moreover, despite the growing number of supermarkets in Kenya, customer shopping behavior in supermarkets in Kenya has received very limited attention. This study investigates the effect of situational factors and packaging characteristics on the outcome of behavior (amount of processed milk bought from supermarkets in Kenya). The knowledge generated by this study could help retailers and other marketing practitioners to formulate and undertake more efficient marketing strategies. Several hypotheses were tested against cross-section data collected from 1230 shoppers in supermarkets in three towns in Kenya. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. It was analyzed using quantitative techniques. Descriptive statistics were used when analyzing shopper's characteristics. Regression analysis was used to test hypotheses concerning the effects of situational factors and packaging characteristics on the amount of fresh processed milk bought. The results showed that except for purpose for drinking directly from the pack reason for buying, all the other situational factors had significant effect on the amount of milk purchased. They include: supermarket atmospherics, store density/crowding, presence of companions, time of the day, being cash-constrained state and long stay at milk stand in the supermarket. However, being cash-constrained state, time of the day when shopping was done (morning), crowding at the milk stand and the purpose for drinking directly from the pack had negative effect on the amount of processed milk bought. Perceived importance for milk packaging characteristics had positive and significant effect on the amount of processed milk bought from supermarkets. After the controlled factors (individual characteristics) were included in the regression model, the effect of perceived importance for packaging characteristics and all situational factors (except for drinking purpose of buying) on the amount of processed milk bought remained significant. Shopper's age, education, income, gender (male) and family size had a positive effect on the amount of fresh processed milk purchased. However, price had a negative effect on the amount of processed milk purchased.
Effectiveness of Head Teacher-Parent Collaboration for the Improvement of Inclusive Education in Public Primary Schools in Meru County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2017-04) Mwirichia, Severina
Head teacher-parent collaboration plays a crucial role in the improvement of inclusive education. The study was set to analyse the effectiveness of the head teacher-parent collaboration for the improvement of inclusive education in public primary schools, in Meru County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to analyse the use of head teacher-parent collaboration context for the improvement of inclusive education; to examine the efficiency of the nature of head teacher-parent collaboration for the improvement of inclusive education and to explore the value of head teacher-parent collaboration inputs for the improvement of inclusive education. The study was guided by Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological systems theory and Peters' input-process-outcome¬context framework of Inclusive Education. The study used mixed research approach methods. Descriptive survey and phenomenology research designs, under quantitative and qualitative research approach methods respectively, were used. Qualitative research approach method was predominantly used. The target population was 101,612 (772 head teachers, 6,840 teachers and 94,000 parents). Out of the target population, there was a unique target population of 218 (77 head teachers, 68 teachers and 73 parents) who were actively involved in inclusive education in 77 inclusive public primary schools in Meru County. Through purposive and proportionate stratified random sampling, a number of eight (8) regular public primary schools and a sample size of 24 participants were selected from the unique target population. The study instruments used included; questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussion guide, observations and documents' analysis schedules. The tools were piloted for reliability and validity in Isiolo County, Kenya. Data was collected by the researcher through meeting with the participants face-to-face, which ensured whole response return rates. Quantitative data was analysed with the assistance of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, while qualitative data analysis was done with the help of computer package, ATLAS. ti. The study findings were presented using descriptive statistics and narratives within themes generated from the collected data. The findings indicated that head teacher-parent collaboration context (policies, leadership and its structure) enhanced the improvement of inclusive education. Most of the schools used informal policies. The nature (teamwork, communication and cooperation) of head teacher-parent collaboration was inadequate and ineffective for the improvement of inclusive education. Head teacher-parent collaboration inputs (resources and strategies) were useful but inadequate for the improvement of inclusive education. Head teacher-parent collaboration facilitated the improvement of inclusive education in a remote and insincere manner. Head teacher-¬parent collaboration made dismal improvement in inclusive education. It was concluded that, head teacher-parent collaboration is crucial to the improvement of all schools. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education should formulate appropriate inclusive education policies. All schools should practice democratic leadership and ensure that teamwork, communication and cooperation improve in schools. The government and all education stakeholders should provide more resources to improve the effectiveness of head teacher-parent collaboration for the improvement of inclusive education. The Teachers Service Commission should appoint head teachers who are positive about inclusive education and with the ability to work together with all parents to improve inclusive education.
Influence of Trust on Savings Mobilization in Co-Operatives in Nyamira County
(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2017-08) Nyatichi, Jeremiah Mauti; Evangeline, Gichunge; Risper, Orero
The purpose of the research was to study the influence of trust on savings mobilization in co-operatives in Nyamira County. It was conducted using descriptive research among co-operative members in savings and credit co-operatives. The statistical sample consisted of 220 members who were randomly selected and studied through questionnaire. Data was collected from a random sample of 220 respondents and was analyzed using the STATA 13 computer software. The validity of the questionnaire’s reliability was ascertained by the researcher using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which was at 0.991. The data was collated using the Likert scale. The results showed that trust highly influenced savings mobilization through co-operatives among the people of Nyamira. Therefore, it is recommended that trust which significantly influenced savings mobilization in Nyamira County should be taken seriously when dealing with savings mobilization, government policies and programmes. The findings of the study will be useful for the County and National Governments in formulating coherent Policies that address developmental challenges in co-operatives
Implementing Business Strategy: A Critical Analysis on the Role of Strategic Communication among Parastatals in Kenya
(KeMU, 2018-02) Mutali J., Namulia Immaculate
A review of literature indicates that strategy implementation is an important component of strategic management process. There still exists a high failure rate in the implementation of business strategy as a result of the existence of many potential barriers. The improvement of service performance is one of the most pressing issues facing public organizations in Kenya. The lack of communication-specifically strategic communication in the management structures of organizations has repeatedly been identified as one of the barriers to effective implementation of business strategy. The significance of this study was represented by its attempt to examine the influence of strategic communication on the implementation of business strategy among Parastatals in Kenya. Independent variables under study were communication policy alignment to strategy; adequacy of information communicated; communication channels used and communication activities. The dependent variable was the implementation of business strategy. This study adopted an exploratory approach using a descriptive survey design. The study was anchored on the philosophy of pragmatism; a mixed design involving quantitative and qualitative designs which were used to obtain information from 126 Parastatals drawn from the total population of 187. The target respondents comprised of managers at all three levels in sampled Parastatals in Kenya. The study required the collection of both primary and secondary data for triangulation purposes. The sampling frame entailed all Parastatals as obtained from the Kenya Gazette. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 378 in selected strata's of 126 statistically selected Parastatal headquarters. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. A pre-test was conducted on a different sample of similar characteristics to the actual sample to ascertain the reliability of the data collection instruments. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version twenty two and summary statistics such as mean scores, variances, standard deviation and inferential statistics namely; correlation analysis and regression results were used to test the hypotheses. The results provided statistical evidence that a positive and significant influence exists between implementation of business strategy and strategic communication. In the practice, this study recommends that managers must make efforts to consistently communicate the strategic intent to all employees at all levels; have in place communication policies as well as conduct communication audits for proper alignment to strategy. Further, the study acclaims that managers at all levels should be competent communicators in giving correct, clear, timely and easily understandable information to employees to enhance success of implementation. On methodology, the study recommends further studies using experimental designs because strategy implementation is a process and actual effects can only be well captured using a longitudinal approach. Regarding policy, this study recommends that the need for Kenyan government to audit and strengthen existing communication policy frameworks to support and improve implementation of strategic plans. This study therefore is of significance to the Government of Kenya, policy makers and strategic management scholars to use the study findings
Evaluation of The Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation and Soil Moisture Conservation Practices on Maize (Zae Mays) Performance
(KeMU, 2018-08) David M., Mshimiyimana
Though it is argued that the soils in most of Kenya's marginal rainfall areas have high potential for agriculture, low soil water constitutes a major limiting factor for crop production. Irrigation is one of the options used in such areas when ample water is available but it requires some adjustments when water is limited. Unfortunately little research has been done locally to understand how deficit irrigation can be used as a strategy for water conservation in those areas. This study investigated how regulated deficit irrigation and water conservation practices affect the growth, yields and water productivity of two maize varieties. The study consisted of a greenhouse experiment carried out at Kithoka, Meru County and field experiments at Marimanti, Tharaka Nithi County and Mailisaba, Isiolo County. Two irrigation treatments deficit irrigation except during exponential growth stage (DIE) and deficit irrigation except during the reproductive stage (DIR)) were compared to two controls (full irrigation throughout the season (Fl) and deficit irrigation throughout the season (DI)). Two irrigation schedules (half of the weekly water requirement applied per week (HA) and weekly water requirement applied every two weeks (DII)) were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. Other treatments tested were ridging compared to a control (flatbed) and a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) compared to a control without SAP. Two maize varieties were used (DUMA 43 and KDV 2). Growth parameters measured were plant height and plant diameter measured every 15 days from 30 days after sowing. Yield indicators were stand count, number of productive plants per plot, ear diameter and length, above ground biomass, grain yield, and harvest index. The data collected was summarized in MS EXCEL and analyzed using SPSS version 22 for F-test, Post-hoc tests at a=5% and linear regression where necessary. FI gave significantly higher plant diameter (2.206 cm), plant height (148.02 cm), and grain yields (3019 kg/ha). DIR gave significantly higher harvest index (0.4665). Water productivity was the same for DIE, DIR and FI (0.5082, 0.4987, and 0.4828 respectively). Ridging had significantly higher values for above ground biomass (165.85 g), grain yield per plant (70.83 g), total grain yield (2419.6 kg/ha), harvest index (0.4283) and water productivity (0.5026 kg/m '). SAP had a significant effect on grain yield (2359.1 kg/ha) and on water productivity (0.4891). The highest yields were given by FI combined with ridges (3194.4 kg/ha) and FI combined SAP (3148.9 kg/ha). DUMA 43 gave significantly higher yields under DIE and DIR (2469.7 kg/ha and 2524.3 kg/ha) and better water productivity (0.5510 kg/m ' and 0.5310 kg/m ') compared to KDV 2. The study concluded that regulated deficit irrigation affects significantly maize growth, grain yields, and irrigation water productivity and the interaction between regulated deficit irrigation, ridging and SAP has a significant effect. Regulated Deficit Irrigation was recommended as a viable practice when water for irrigation is limited. Further research can be undertaken on the effect of different rates of SAP on maize growth, yields and water productivity under regulated deficit irrigation.
Influence of Management Practices in the Training of Quality Graduates in the University in Kenya
(KeMU, 2018-08) Kanyiri, Lucy Ikiara
Universities play a critical role in contributing to the economic development of any nation. They develop manpower which is a significant driver of economic growth. In view of this, effective management of universities is a concern of all the stakeholders. Management, practices are linked to the success of universities in nurturing holistic graduates who have the necessary knowledge, skills, competencies and values that are required in a globally competitive society. However, universities in Africa and in Kenya in particular have continued to be ranked lowly in terms of the quality of graduates. The lagging behind is attributed to inadequate acquisition of critical skills and application of knowledge. This is further attributed to inadequate adoption of management practices that support training of quality graduates by the universities. In this regard, the study set out; to determine the extent to which management practices in curriculum leadership are applied in universities in training of quality graduates, to determine the extent to which management practices in teaching and learning are applied in universities in training of quality graduates, to determine the extent to which management practices in faculty management are applied in universities in training of quality graduates, and to determine the extent to which management practices in management support are applied in universities in training of quality graduates. The study was founded on system theory. However, CIPP model was used to show interrelationship between management practices and training of quality graduates. The study used descriptive survey research design. The target population was 66 universities. A sample of 7 universities was selected based on Webometric ranking of 2014. 3750 students and 1800 faculty staff were targeted. 375 students and 180 faculty were included in the study. Three instruments including questionnaires, interview guide and document analysis guide were used to collect data. Validity of the instruments was ensured through undertaking pilot study to appraise dependability of the questionnaires and interview items. Reliability of instruments was measured by use of Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The alpha for independent variable was 0.963 and 0.944 for dependent variable. Data analysis involved used of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 20. The major findings of the study indicated curriculum leadership, teaching and learning and management support had significant influence on training of quality graduates. There was a discrepancy in acquisition of knowledge and its application among graduates from different universities. Based on the findings it was concluded that management practices have a significant influence on training of quality graduates. The study recommends the need for universities to enhance management practices identified in this study.
Influence of Information Communication Technologies on Quality of Distance Teaching and Learning in Kenya Universities
(KeMU, 2018-08) Ngeera, Flora Gacheri
Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) are varied. They include different types of network infrastructure that depend on internet connectivity which in turn allows access to various search engines. ICTs have transformed the way people live, work, do business and access education. With advent of ICTs, distance learning has become an alternative and supplement for face to face learning. This study investigated the influence of ICTs on quality of distance teaching and learning in Kenyan Universities. The study was guided by four objectives: to establish the influence of availability of ICTs infrastructure, to determine the influence of utilization of ICTs infrastructure, to investigate the influence of provision of institutional support on use of ICTs and to determine the influence of learner characteristics on use of ICTs. The study was based on Bruner's constructivist theory and Simonson's theory of equivalency. The study was guided by mixed methods research approach. Specifically, convergent parallel design was used. The target population was universities that offer programmes through open, distance and e-learning (ODeL) targeting ODeL directors, lecturers who taught ODeL students, ICT technical staff and ODeL students from the selected universities that offer programmes through this mode. A sample size comprised of (4) ODeL directors, (78) lecturers, ( 4) I CT technical staff and (15 6) 0 DeL students. Stratified, systematic and purposive sampling was used to sample the respondents. Among all the universities that offer ODeL programmes, four universities were purposively sampled for the study. Data was collected by use of document analysis guide, questionnaires and interview guide. Cronbach alpha correlation method was used to compute reliability co-efficient which was 0.8095 which was above 0.7 as expected in social sciences. To ensure reliability in qualitative data, interview guide with highly structured questions, with the same format and sequence of words was used for each participant. Descriptive statistics involving mainly frequencies, percentages and means were used to analyse the data. Logistics Regression, specifically Wald Test, was used to test the null hypotheses. Omnibus test of model coefficients and Hosmer and Lemeshow Tests were used to test the fitness of the models. Data was presented in graphs and tables. Analysis of quantitative data was done using Predictive Analytical Software (PAS) version 20.0. Qualitative data was coded and analysed in themes emerging from the narratives. From the findings, it was established that computers were the most available ICT hardware used in distance teaching and learning in the sampled universities. Despite availability of computers, it was established that video conferencing and audio-conferencing facilities were not available for distance teaching and learning. Universities use Learning Management Systems (LMS) and also online social networking tools to advance distance learning. The study revealed that the institutional support on use ofICTs was the most significant factor that influences quality of distance teaching and learning in selected Kenyan universities. It was concluded that availability of ICT infrastructure, utilization of ICT infrastructure, institutional support on the use of ICT and learner characteristics on the use of ICT were all significant when considered separately. However, when considered as a block, institutional support on use of JCT was the most significant. The study recommended that to enhance quality in ODeL, institutional support on use of ICTs in distance teaching and learning was very critical.
Antecedents of Technology Adoption and Financial Inclusion among Micro Enterprises in Machakos County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2018-08) Mwania, Paul Mutwiwa
The increased levels of mobile and internet banking has enabled the Micro Enterprises (MEs) to save, undertake transactions and access low cost credit without necessarily having security for their loans. Many micro-enterprises are not included in the mainstream financial system and hence they cannot access credit. However, with the increased level of antecedents of technology adoption (mobile and internet banking), the micro enterprises have not fully adopted this new innovation to increase their levels of financial inclusion. The aim of the study was to examine the antecedents of technology adoption (mobile and internet banking) on financial inclusion among the micro enterprises in Machakos County. The study adopted a descriptive research design since it seeks to build a profile about the relationship between antecedents of technology adoption (mobile and internet banking) to financial inclusion in Kenya. The study was targeting micro enterprises operating in Kenya with a special focus to Machakos County. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. Questionnaire was used for data collection as it was cost effective as opposed to other instruments. Pilot testing involved60 businesses which were not included in the final sample. To enhance validity in this study, content related validity of the questionnaire was used. On the other hand, reliability was assessed using the test-retest method and was done alongside the pilot study. The researcher selected a pilot group comprising 10% of the sample. The research instruments were tested for reliability using the split half method. This was done by collecting data from 60 respondents. Data was verified and edited for completeness and consistency. Content analysis and descriptive analysis was employed. Regression analysis was applied to establish the relationship between the variables. Regression results showed that convenience and financial inclusion are positively and significantly related (β=0.201, p<0.001). Transaction cost and financial inclusion were also found to positively and significantly related (β=-0.091 p<0.002). Perceived value and financial inclusion are positively and significantly related (β=0.233, p<0.001).Collateral and financial inclusion are positively and significantly related (β =0.154, p<0.002) while technology adoption and financial inclusion are positively and significantly related (β=0.573, p<0.001). The study further found that financial services technology innovation moderates the relationship between transaction cost, perceived value and convenience and financial inclusion of micro enterprises. The study concludes that collateral, transaction cost, convenience, perceived value and technology adoption have a positive and significant relationship with financial inclusion of micro enterprises. It was further established that mobile and internet banking have improved the access to financial services by micro-enterprises. This is seen through improved business growth among the enterprises as they can access low cost credit for business growth. The low cost of credit for the micro-enterprises has improved the level of financial inclusion. It’s recommended that owners of micro enterprises should use mobile banking since it makes it easier for them to carry out their businesses operations. According to the study, use of internet banking makes it easier for owners of micro-enterprises to carry out their businesses operations. The study recommends that owners of micro enterprises should adopt use of internet banking since it does not require a lot of technical knowledge for it is simple to use hence convenient for business owners. The owners of micro-enterprises should use mobile and internet banking to accomplish their banking tasks anytime and anywhere since it is efficient for them.
Relationship between Financial Management Practices and Financial Stability of Football Clubs in Kenya. A Survey of Football Clubs at the Kenya Premier League
(KeMU, 2018-09) Kinyariro, Dickson Kamau
This research investigated whether there exists an association between the financial management practices put in place by the Kenyan football clubs and their financial stability. The specific research objectives guided the study by establishing the influence of investment practices, financial reporting framework, working capital management and financing activities on stability of football clubs in Kenya. The underpinning theories include: Agency theory, game theory in sports and contracting theory. Explanatory research design was adopted. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The target population comprised of sixty-three respondents from twenty-one football clubs that were participating between 2010-2014 seasons of the Kenyan Premier League. The respondents comprised financial officers, the chairpersons, and accountants at the clubs. Purposive sampling as well as simple random sampling were adopted to select the respondents. Yamane (1967) formula which is used to calculate sample sizes at 95% confidence level and e = 0.05 was used to obtain the sample size. The total number of respondents was fifty-four (54). Descriptive statistics and inferential statics were used in data analysis. From the research it was established that with well laid financial management practices, there exists significant influence on the financial stability of football clubs. The research concludes football clubs have the capacity to improve their performance both by winning matches as well as enhancing their financial capability through embracing standard financial management structures and thereby leading to financial stability. The research recommends that for the clubs to succeed, pro-active and innovative measures must be put in place. Football academies that train young footballers should be established. This would ensure supply of senior players to the football clubs hence reducing cost of player recruitment while also maintaining high level of competitiveness. Football clubs should ensure that financial reporting is enhanced at all times. Qualified staff with competitive salary packages should be employed to ensure credibility of financial reports. The management should be in a position to analyze the financial reports for financial decision making. Automation of accounting systems has proved to enhance efficiency, security and credibility of accounting information generated. Football clubs should embrace this technology to enable them monitor at all levels the expenses, flow of cash and proceeds generated. More research needs to be undertaken on other financial aspects affecting the overall performance of football clubs.
Integration of Health Management Information Systems in Health Care Organizations in Kenya
(KeMU, 2018-10) Kyalo, Caroline Kawila
Global attention to health systems strengthening has led to different quality improvement approaches in developed and developing countries. The awakening realization that information is critical for health systems functioning has directed most countries towards strengthening their existing information systems or developing new ones. Despite efforts to improve on existing information systems, fragmented information systems have emerged hindering the efforts of addressing the concern of integrating health management information systems. An integrated health management information system has greater benefits for example enhancing easy retrieval of data, timely information sharing and evidence based decision making. The purpose of this study was to prescribe a model that will facilitate the Integration of Health Management Information Systems in healthcare organizations. The objectives of the study were; to establish whether the organization factor; technical factor; behavioral factor of care providers and leadership style influenced integration of Health Management Information System in healthcare organizations in Kenya. The study was anchored on the System theory but underpinned on performance of routine information system framework. Guided by the philosophy of logical positivism and interpretivism. A mixed method research design involving quantitative and qualitative designs was used to obtain information from three counties; Kiambu (peri-urban), Kitui (rural) and Mombasa (urban) in Kenya. A study population was 479 public healthcare organization. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select organizations that participated in this study. A sample size of 144 public healthcare organizations was drawn using the Kothari formula of calculating sample size. In each healthcare organization selected, two self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 243 respondents who were either the in charges or health records officers. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and summary statistics such as mean scores, standard deviation and inferential statistics namely correlation and regression results were used to present the data. The study results provided statistical evidence that a positive and significant relationship exists between the organization factor (r=.472**, P˂.005), technical factor (r=.683**, P˂.005), behavioral factor (r=.507**, P˂.005) and leadership style (r=.731**˂.005) and integration of health management information systems. Technology adoption was found to significantly moderate the relationship between technical factor and integration of health management information systems, while need for information timeliness was found to moderate organization factor, technical factor and leadership style. The integration of HMIS model proposed in this study was found to be fit because it explained up to (r2 =.648) total variation in the integration of HMIS. The remaining beat of .352 is explained by the statistical error term. The std. error of .227 shows the model regression line deviates from the line of best fit. The study concluded that leadership style was quite significant in the efforts towards integration of HMIS and information timeliness was a very good moderator between the operation factors and integration of HMIS. The study recommends that; i) health system managers adopt the proposed design of data collection strategy emerging from the study findings ii) The extracted integration of HMIS model from the study findings composed of transformational leadership style, systems interoperability moderated by information timeliness and enhanced information culture should be adopted. Further studies can be done after the model is adopted to evaluate its performance.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice among Public Secondary Schools Students in Meru County Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-06) Njogu, Sarah Wambeti
Career selection is one of the many important choices students make which have lifelong effects. This is because choosing a career that matches one’s interests, skills and values significantly increases their chances for social-economic success, personal fulfillment and happiness. However, whether or not a student is equipped with requisite career choice information to necessitate informed decisions is yet to be established. Although review of literature shows that students have numerous challenges when selecting careers, the factors that influence career choice among secondary school students and the extent of their impacts were still not clearly understood. This study sought to analyze factors influencing career choice in public secondary schools in Meru County, with a view to determining individual and combined influence of each factor on career choice. It was guided by four objectives; namely; to examine the influence of career guidance services provided to students on career choice, to assess the influence of parental aspirations on career choice, to investigate influence of mass media on career choice and to evaluate the influence of school policy on subject selection in career choice by secondary school students. The study was informed and guided by the Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making by John Krumboltz and Contingency Theory of Management by Joan Woodward. It adopted mixed methods approach and used descriptive survey and correlational research designs in investigating the phenomena. The target population comprised 19,862 Form Four students, 364 principals, 364 career guidance teachers and 364 form four Parents Association representatives’ from all the 364 public secondary schools in the Meru County. Through stratified, systematic and purposive sampling respectively, 460 participants were selected from 364 schools. A questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect data from target population. A pre-test of the instruments was carried out to ensure reliability and validity. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS (Version 24) and Microsoft excel. Overall response rate was 92.1%. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentages), and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis). The results were presented in frequency distribution tables, charts and in other cases, logical explanations and narratives were provided. Results show that career which students of public secondary schools in Meru County choose are statistically and significantly influenced by nature of career guidance services; parental aspirations, mass media, and school policy on selection of subjects. The findings revealed that mass media and parental aspirations as factors that exert greatest influence on career choices. The findings of this study have implications on career guidance practices and policy in secondary schools. The study recommends that principals, educationists, career guidance teachers to organize for capacity building and awareness campaigns to sensitize students, parents and the general public on the influence of the four factors on career choice and to underscore the role that should be played by each of these stakeholders.
Credit Risk and Lending Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-08) Karanja, John Gakuu
Credit risk poses substantial exposure both to the banks and the economy; a scenario evident in East Africa financial crises; this in part owing to the fact that the banking sector is vital in any economy. The decline of profitability within the banking industry and financial losses can be attributed to credit exposures that went awry. This underscores the significance of management of credit risk within the banking sector. While lending is profitable for the banks especially on account of the interest paid on the amount borrowed, it also has disadvantages which results from delays or default in loan repayments. This study was purposed to evaluate the credit risk and lending performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Descriptive survey research design was employed whilst the target population for this study was employees of the 42 commercial banks in Kenya as at 1st January, 2018. Purposive sampling was used to pick 42 credit managers and simple random sampling invoked to determine the other 301 respondents from the target population of 1260 employees. Both structured and unstructured questions were used to collect primary data. Thereafter, the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency distribution tables, measures of central tendency and standard deviations. In addition, advance statistical techniques including logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation were used to establish relationships among variables and provide description of the data while qualitative data was analyzed in narrative form. The results were then presented in tabular representations supplemented by relevant explanations. The results of the study revealed that the combined effect of credit risks positively influenced the lending performance of banks. The study concluded that credit risk activities significantly influenced the lending performance of commercial banks; and as a result the operating capital of commercial banks had gone down to very low levels since lending is a source of income for the commercial banks and this has affected the performance of the entire banking sector. The study recommended that Government of Kenya through the National Treasury and in collaboration with Central Bank of Kenya and Kenya Bankers’ Association should formulate policies that will help the commercial banks reduce the level of credit risks and improve the lending performance which was currently affected to a great extent.
Socio-Entrepreneurial Practices and Community Empowerment within the Coastal Tourism Circuit in Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-08) Ikwaye, Samuel
A relatively small segment of business, known as social entrepreneurship (SE), is increasingly being acknowledged as an effective source of solutions to a variety of social problems. Despite this, little is documented as regards the role of social entrepreneurial practices and how they impact the local communities in Kenya in the context of the contribution of tourism and hospitality. Further, little is known about the requirements an innovation has to fulfill in order to be a social one and distinguish itself from other types of innovations. Also considered as important but whose evidence is also scarce is the role of SE practices on empowerment of local communities as well the existence of a legal framework to encourage the development of SE as a social economy in Kenya’s coastal tourism circuit. This study sought to contribute in filling the existing knowledge gap by assessing the role of tourism and hospitality enterprises’ SE practices on empowerment of communities with specific focus on the coastal tourism circuit in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the influence of enterprises’ socioeconomic practices, sociocultural practices and that of their green initiatives on empowerment of communities. Additionally, the role of innovations that the enterprises implement on empowerment was assessed. A descriptive survey of Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers registered enterprises as well as classified facilities, beneficiaries of empowerment programs and civic leaders were conducted. Data was collected from 42 enterprises purposively selected as well as from beneficiaries sampled using snowball sampling. Prior to the commencement of the actual study, 35 respondents affiliated to five enterprises participated in a pilot study to pre-test the research instrument. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively and inferences drawn from correlation and multiple linear regression analyses results which were obtained with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 computer software. Findings were that hotel enterprises within the coastal tourism circuit in Kenya had adopted socio-entrepreneurial practices, with socio-cultural practices having the greatest extent of adoption followed by green initiatives then social innovations, and lastly socio-economic practices. The practices were positively and significantly related with community empowerment at 0.05 level of significance. The relationship which was linear was strongest for social innovation followed by socio-cultural practices then socio-economic practices and lastly green initiatives. Similarly, it was found that socio-economic practices, socio-cultural and green initiative significantly influence community empowerment. Lastly, hierarchical regression analysis illustrated that social innovation mediates the relationship between socio-economic, socio-cultural and green innovation and community empowerment. It is therefore recommended that hotel enterprises enhance their level of adoption of the socio-entrepreneurial practices to enable local communities feel their impacts. In the process, due regard should be given to the vulnerable groups including women, youth and persons with disabilities. At the same time sensitization of host communities should be enhance through involvement of local civic leaders.
Predicting Grazing Conflicts Based on Limited Resources in Northern Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-09) Ikuathu, Dominic Maringa
This study aimed at determining causes of grazing conflicts in Northern Kenya which were used to develop a conflicts predicting model. It specifically intended to evaluate seasonality of pasture resources, establishing how availability of grazing resources was related to grazing conflicts and predicting how communities were likely to cope with them. It was anchored on the theory that competition for limited forage triggers intra and inter-conservancy livestock movements, causing conflicts over grazing resources. The study used mixed methods of ecological, remote sensing and social survey designs. Purposive sampling was used to select four conservancies out of a population of fifteen, where three of them were community-managed while the fourth was privately owned which acted as a control. Two plots each measuring 50mx50m were set up in each of them using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS). Clip-dry-and-weigh method was used to assess grass biomass during dry and wet seasons. Five samples of clippings were obtained per plot using 0.5mx0.5m wire quadrant randomly in both seasons. Visual estimates were used to assess ground cover percentages, species variability and diversity along transects between the plots in both seasons and recorded in Range Condition Checklists and tables of quantities. A population of 106 respondents was picked through systematic random sampling from the lists of conservancy grazing committees and data collected using self-administered structured questionnaires, focused group discussions and content analysis of literature. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Frequency counts, means and percentages were computed for all quantitative data and results presented using frequency distribution tables and graphs. Qualitative data on status of the bio-physical, land-use and rainfall patterns were tracked using remote sensing techniques. Temporal and spatial variability of forage, land-use and land-cover changes were tracked using MODIS 250m resolution and Landsat-8 sensor, which were analysed using Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS) to produce Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI). The results established that forage and water availability and livestock numbers were responsible for the largest variability of grazing conflicts. It was found that seasonality of rainfall and the communities grazing regimes trigger livestock movements to unknown areas, sparking a trail of conflicts on their way. The research also found out that in the largest period of the year, community conservancies bore the greatest effects of environmental externalities due to lack of adherence to grazing plans leading to overgrazing and pasture degradation. It was further found that pastoral communities have different methods of copping with grazing conflicts in the study area. The study synthesized results on dependent and independent variables and came up with a new model for predicting grazing conflicts in Northern Kenya. The study recommended further investigations on the effects of other factors contributing to grazing conflicts that were not accounted for. It also recommended further research on methodology to establish the levels of competition for resources by different browsers. On practice, it recommended inclusion of structured dialogue in conflicts mitigation and diversification of social-economic activities by the pastoralists to cushion them from the effects of grazing conflicts. On policy, it recommended inclusion of local administration, national agencies and relevant stakeholders on conflicts mitigation processes to make them more authentic and resultant agreements enforceable.
Capital Adequacy Framework, Funds Allocation Strategy and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Sacco’s in Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-09) Ng`eno, John Cheruiyot
This study was aimed at establishing the relationship between capital adequacy framework and financial performance of deposit taking savings and credit cooperatives societies in Kenya. There is a declining trend of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. In 2016,164 SACCOs were licensed to operate as deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study intention was to conduct a census survey but the responses were less. Only 111 deposit taking societies responded. The government had introduced various legislations attempting to streamline the operations of cooperative entity. Sustainability of cooperative movement depends on various factors one of which being capital adequacy. In this study the influence of six dimensions of capital adequacy framework namely: internal financing, external financing, portfolio selection, credit management, risk management and managerial capability was examined. A descriptive survey was conducted using questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. Pilot survey was conducted on 12 deposit taking SACCOs to ensure that questionnaire serve the intended purpose. Data analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 23). Correlation and regression analysis were used to establish the relationship between research variables. It was found that internal financing, credit management; portfolio selection, risk management and managerial capability had positive effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. This means that as the five variables increase then financial performance will be increase. External financing had negatively influenced on the financial performance. With prudent external financing, deposit taking SACCOs will attain favourable outcome. Funds allocation was found to have a significant moderating influence on the relationship between capital adequacy framework and financial performance. Hypotheses were tested at 5 percent significance level. The null hypotheses were rejected and it was established that capital adequacy framework and moderating variables influenced significantly financial performance. It is recommended that focus on capital adequacy framework will enhance financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya.
Effect of Parental Involvement on Quality of Education in Public Day Secondary Schools in Igembe Central Sub County, Meru County-Kenya
(KeMU, 2019-11) Thuba, Esther
This study aimed at determining the effect of parental involvement on quality of education in public day secondary schools. The relationship among the variables of the study was moderated by parents’ level of education and their occupations. Specifically, the study intended to establish the effect of school-based parental involvement, home–based parental involvement, and academic socialization by parents on quality of education in public day secondary schools. This study was guided by Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour and Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. A descriptive correlational study was carried out in public day secondary schools in Igembe Central Sub County in Meru - Kenya. The target population was 28 principals, 7,182 students and 144 parents’ representatives. This made a target population of 7,354 participants from the public day secondary schools of Igembe Central Sub County. This study was guided by logical positivism philosophy which greatly regards methods of scientific inquiry and logical analysis of philosophical problems. Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained from a sample of 352 students, 8 school principals and 32 parents selected through random sampling procedures. Questionnaires, an interview guide, and a focus group discussion guide were used for collection of data from students, principals, as well as parents, respectively. Document analysis guide was also used. A sample of two principals, 88 students and 8 parent from two schools in the neighbouring Igembe South Sub County were used for the purpose of pilot testing and refining the research instruments. The reliability coefficient for the indicators of school–based parental involvement, home–based parental involvement, academic socialization by parents and quality of education was 0.730, 0.951, 0.946 and 0.756 respectively. Data was collected from the respondents by the researcher. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. The quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 (SPSS 21.0) computer software programme. Descriptive statistics such as mean scores, variances, standard deviation; and inferential statistics namely correlation and multiple regression were used to analyse the data. The results provided statistical evidence that a positive and significant relationship exists between parental involvement and quality of education in public day secondary schools. All the predictors of parental involvement were found to have positive and significant effect on quality of education in public day secondary schools. The study also established that mothers’ characteristics (level of education and occupation) had partial moderating effect on the relationship between parental involvement and quality of education in public day secondary schools. Thematic analysis for qualitative data was done and data was summarized according to similarities and common themes and presented in narratives and relevant quotes to supplement and strengthen the quantitative data. The results obtained led to the conclusions that expanding the role of parents in education improves school attendance, learning behaviours, academic performance and transition to colleges and universities. Secondly, the study established that among all the predictors of quality of education in public day secondary schools, academic socialization by parents and home-based parental involvement are significant in affecting quality of education in a combined relationship. In addition, it was concluded that all parents can participate in the education of their children, regardless of their level of education and occupation so as to improve quality of education in public day secondary schools. This study, therefore, recommends that parents be sensitized by school management on the importance of their roles in education; and the need of their continuous involvement in education of their children.