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Item Alcoholic Beverage Use Among Somali Youth Living in Eastleigh, an Urban Suburb in Nairobi, Kenya(European Journal of Preventive Medicine., 2018) Korio, Abdi Aden; Nyavanga, Eunice JemalelBackground: Harmful use of alcohol causes a large disease, social and economic burden to societies. Alcohol use is the third largest disease risk factor for deaths among youths between 15-29 years that contribute to 4% of the global burden of disease. Eastleigh also is known as “Little Mogadishu” is a suburb in Nairobi that is mostly inhabited by both Somali Community from Kenya and majorly from migrations from Somalia. It hosts about 30,000 Somali refugees and characterized by extremes of wealth and poverty. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of alcohol use and the patterns of use among Somali Youth living in Easteigh suburb in Nairobi. Method: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study among youth aged between 18-25 years of age that used a face-to-face interview. Results: Findings indicated a high prevalence among those who are male, of younger age, with married parents, born in Eastleigh, with lower educational level, the singles, the unemployed and those with high family income. Alcohol use is comorbid with other licit psychoactive substances that include tobacco products, miraa and shisha. Conclusion: These participants have relatively high alcohol use that is comorbid with other licit psychoactive substances. Recommendations include further studies to be done in this community using standardized instruments to cover a larger area and interventions to target younger youth of below 15 years of age and policy on treatment of young people with mental disorders to include substance abuse as well.Item Teacher Factors Influencing the Implementation of Tusome Program in Lower Primary Public Schools in Mvita Sub County(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 2018-09-26) Nyale, Mary Nguya; Mwawasi, Benjamin Mwandoe; Muli, SamuelThe objectives of this study were; to establish the effect of teacher attitudes and teacher preparedness on the implementation of early literacy in lower primary public schools in Mvita Sub County, Mombasa Kenya. The target population in this research was 124 lower primary teachers in all Twenty-five (25) public primary schools in Mvita sub-county. The lower primary teachers were the respondents for the study because they were the perfect choice to answer the questions that arose from the study objectives due to the information they held on the implementation of Tusome Program. The study used census method where by all the 124 respondents were used for the study. The study used both open ended and closed-ended questions. The data collected was compiled and analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 for the purpose of validity and reliability. The findings of this study may assist teachers and head teachers in identifying areas which need improvement in the implementation of Tusome Program. The findings would also benefit learners as service delivery would be improved. This study would provide a source of knowledge to the curriculum developers and implementers on teacher factors influencing implementation of new education curriculum. The study would also be of a great importance to other scholars who carry out related studies hence use information in this study as an empirical review in their studies. The study concluded that Teacher attitude and teacher preparedness influence the implementation of Tusome Program in lower primary public schools in Mvita Sub-County. The regression analysis also confirmed that there was a significant relationship between implementation of Tusome Program and independent variables teacher attitude and teacher preparedness. The study recommended that lower primary school teachers should be allocated adequate time to enable them cover the syllabus and should also have enough time to check and mark students work.Item Culture Alignment, Firm size and Sustainable Competitive Advantage among Deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya(IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 2019-06) Mwenda, Kirigia Paul; Senaji, Thomas; Mwiti, EvansCompetitive advantage refers to a set of capabilities that permanently enable the business to demonstrate better performance than its competitors. Competitive advantage occurs when an organization acquires or develops an attribute or combination of attributes that allows it to outperform its competitors. Sustainable competitive advantage, refers to the long-term benefits of implementing unique values creating products which competitors cannot implement simultaneously, along with the inability to duplicate the benefits of this strategy. With the changing dynamics in the SACCO sector in Kenya, Managers are so much concerned not just in achieving competitive advantage but also sustaining it for long term benefit. This is can be attained through culture alignment. Culture is a shared common way of being, thinking and acting in a collective and coordinated people with reciprocal expectations in a given society. Organizational culture is set of shared values, beliefs and norms that influence the way employees think feel and behave in the organization on a daily basis, it is a firm’s orientation towards its internal stakeholders, which forms the basic rules that guide employees behaviors, developed and shared within an organization.The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Culture Alignment on Sustainable Competitive Advantage among Deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya and the moderating effect of firm size on this relationship. This study was anchored on contingency theory and adopted a correlational research design where data was collected only once from the respondents by use of questionnaires from six hundred and fifty six managers of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. Statistical package for social sciences (version 23) was used for data analyses. Multi linear regression was used to establish the relationship between the variables and data was presented through descriptive and inferential statistics and all ethical considerations were made. The study found culture alignment has a great influence on sustainable competitive advantage and also revealed a strong positive relationship between culture alignment (R= 0.591) and sustainable competitive advantage of SACCOs in Kenya and that Sustainable competitive can be attained through culture alignment. Moreover, firm size was found to influence this relationship. The study recommends that SACCOs in Kenya should strategically align their culture in order to sustain their competitive advantage and maintain a good market standing as they meet the needs of their stakeholdersItem Leadership Alignment, Firm size and Sustainable Competitive Advantage among Deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2019-07) Mwenda, Kirigia Paul; Senaji, Thomas; Mwiti, EvansSustainable competitive advantage has been a major topic of interest among managers of both commercial and non-commercial Organizations globally. As the operating environment becomes competitive, managers faced with dwindling performance for their Organisations are concerned not just with achieving competitive advantage but sustaining the same for long term benefit. This is achieved mostly through leadership alignment which is the fit between a firm’s strategy and its internal and external factors. The significance of Leadership alignment in a business context has been devoted to the fit between business competitive strategies and internal factors. Creating a sustainable competitive advantage is the most important goal of any Sacco’s and is the most important single attribute on which each Sacco’s must place its most focus. Strategic leadership is the leader’s ability to anticipate, envision, and maintain flexibility and to empower others to create strategic change as necessary. Strategic leadership is versatile and involves managing through subordinates, and helps organizations to cope with changes that seem to be increasing dramatically in today’s globalized business environment. Strategic leadership demands for the ability to integrate both the inside and outside business environment of the organization, and engage in multifaceted information processing.The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Leadership Alignment on Sustainability of Competitive Advantage among Deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya and the moderating effect of firm size on this relationship. The study was anchored on dynamic capability approach. The study adopted a correlational research design where data was collected only once from the respondents by use of questionnaires from four senior managers in each of the one hundred and sixty four SACCOs involved in this study. Statistical package for social sciences (version 23) was used for data analyses. Multi linear regression was used to establish the relationship between the variables and data was presented through descriptive and inferential statistics and all ethical considerations were made. The study found that leadership alignment influences sustainable competitive advantage and also there was a moderate positive relationship between leadership alignment (R= 0.304) and sustainable competitive advantage of SACCOs in Kenya and that sustainable competitive advantage is achieved through leadership alignment. Moreover, firm size was found to influence this relationship. The study recommends that SACCOs in Kenya should strategically align their leadership well in order to sustain their competitive advantage and remain relevant in meeting the needs of their customers.Item Factors Contributing to the Growth of Cereals Enterprises Owned by Women in Meru County. A Survey of Enterprises in Nkubu Town(Journal of International Business, Innovation and Strategic Management, 2019-03) Rimbere, Arthur G.; Mutiria, Eric; Githinji, MosesEntrepreneurship growth practices are being witnessed in every country in response to changes in global competitiveness and advancement in technology. It is against this reason that this research was being undertaken to analyze factors inhibiting the growth of cereals enterprises owned by women in Nkubu Town in Meru County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To establish whether access to finance, access to infrastructure, and managerial capacity and entrepreneur innovation inhibiting the growth of cereals enterprises owned by women in Nkubu Town in Meru County. The study adopted descriptive research designs with owners of cereals enterprises owned by women in Nkubu Town in Meru County, Kenya104 owners, managers and employees being the target population. Stratified sampling was used in this study; self-administered questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. The questionnaires were pre-tested for reliability and validity. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed by the help of Statistical package for social Sciences software (SPSS) Version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential analysis entailed multiple regression and correlation analysis to assess the strength of the relationships between the specified variables. The result indicated that, collectively access to finance has the highest positive influence on enterprise growth, followed by entrepreneur innovation, managerial capacity and access to infrastructure. The study recommends that financial institutions should be in a position to give loans and other credit facilities and financial advisory services to SME’S in order to equip them with knowledge on financial management to help them expand their businesses.Item EFFECT OF BANCASSURANCE ON PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN KENYA(International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration (IAJHRBA), 2019-09) Njeru, Jane Njoki; Mbebe, James; Munga, JaneThe most significant changes in the economic services segment have been growth of bancassurance which denotes supply of insurance products through effective process of banking channels. With the liberalization of the assurance sector and opposition is tougher than ever before, companies are increasingly trying to come out with better innovations to stay in front. Most insurance firms in Kenya have established bancassurance to be an attractive and often gainful commendation to their core business. There is great prospect for expansion and increase of bancassurance in Kenya; however, bancassurance in Kenya is pretty low. The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of bancassurance on performance of insurance companies in Kenya. This study sought to achieve the following objectives; to establish the effect of products or services type on performance of insurance companies in Kenya; to assess the effect of administration-economies of scale on performance of insurance companies in Kenya; to examine how customer lifecycle management of scale affect performance of insurance companies in Kenya and to determine the effect of sales promotion tool on performance of insurance companies in Kenya. This study was anchored on innovation theory, modern portfolio theory and the dynamic capabilities theory. A descriptive survey research design was applied in this study. The study intended to target 506 management staff who were drawn from the 55 listed insurance companies in Kenya. This study intended to collect data from all the 112 management staff of insurance companies in Kenya. The study used stratified random sampling technique to select the respondents for the sample size. Primary data was obtained using self-administered questionnaires. The study instruments were distributed among the targeted respondents using various points of reference like the managers of departments. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software. The qualitative data was coded thematically and then analyzed statistically. Content analysis was used for data that is qualitative nature or aspect of the data collected from the open ended questions. The information was displayed by use of tables, graphs and in prose-form. The study revealed that products or services type affect performance of insurance companies in Kenya greatly. The study further showed that performance of Insurance companies in Kenya is boosted by enhanced value and distribution channel optimization very greatly. The study found that the customers trust and convenience enhanced the performance of Insurance companies in Kenya very greatly. The study found that sales promotion tool affected performance of insurance companies in Kenya greatly. The study concluded that Products or Services Type had the greatest effect on the performance of insurance companies in Kenya, followed by Customer Lifecycle Management, then Sales Promotion Tool and finally Administration- Economies of Scale had the least effect. The study recommends that the insurance companies should ensure that customer- orientation through understanding the market and directing the resources of the company towards achieving the desires and the needs of the customers and measuring the ability to provide a value for the customer. The study further recommends that insurance companies’ managers should weigh carefully their marketing promotion strategies and align them to their objectives adapting a suitable mix of the promotion tools.Item MORTGAGE RATES IN KENYA:(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2016-05) Kigomo, JuliaThe mortgage market in Kenya is relatively small compared to international standards having only 15,803 loans. The growth rate has been low since 2006 though with a steady growth of 14% annually but still the growth is below 50%, therefore the loan portfolio remains small. In terms of mortgage debt to GDP ratios, Kenya’s ratio is low by international standards. the mortgage debt to GDP ratio is around 50% in Europe and over 70% in US. Kenya’s mortgage debt compared to its GDP is better than its East African neighbors, Tanzania and Uganda at just under 2.5% this is an indication that there is still a room to grow for East African countries and more so Kenya which has low mortgage uptake. While the mortgage markets in the United States and Europe have been studied extensively by academics and other researchers around the world, markets outside the U.S. and Europe generally gain much less attention. Particularly, the structure and other institutional aspects of the mortgage markets outside the U.S. and Europe attain a very attention. This study intended to establish the factors behind the low mortgage uptake. The study had the following specific objectives: to determine the influence of mortgage interest rates on the uptake of mortgages; to establish the effect of incomes on the uptake of mortgages; to identify the effect of credit risks of borrowers on the uptake of mortgages, and; to establish the effect of availability of mortgage financiers on the uptake of mortgages. The study design was descriptive survey. This involved surveying various respondents to find out the factors which contributed to uptake of mortgages. In this study, the population was customers who had taken or was in the process of taking a mortgage from one of the Kenyan mortgage lenders. The sampling technique employed was snowballing which started with a few mortgage borrowers who introduced others. The primary data was collected by means of self-administered questionnaire. The collected data from the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Presentation of the analyzed data was in form of tables and graphs. The findings from the study indicate that income levels had the greatest effect on uptake of mortgages followed by interest rates and other mortgage costs. The third most important factor affecting uptake of mortgage was unavailability of credit data and high credit risks. The least important factor affecting mortgage uptake was availability of mortgage facilities and institutions. From the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made. First, low cost housing should be developed to cater to those who cannot afford current mortgages. Mortgagees should also lower mortgage costs to incorporate more customers into the bracket of those who can afford. The study also recommends the mortgagees and the credit risk bureau to improve risk management and efficiency in their operations. Lastly, it is recommended that the players in the market including CMA, NSE and the various stakeholders should develop a secondary mortgage market.Item Mortgage rates in Kenya: Implications for homeownership.(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance (IAJEF), 2016-05) Kigomo, JuliaThe mortgage market in Kenya is relatively small compared to international standards having only 15,803 loans. The growth rate has been low since 2006 though with a steady growth of 14% annually but still the growth is below 50%, therefore the loan portfolio remains small. In terms of mortgage debt to GDP ratios, Kenya’s ratio is low by international standards. the mortgage debt to GDP ratio is around 50% in Europe and over 70% in US. Kenya’s mortgage debt compared to its GDP is better than its East African neighbors, Tanzania and Uganda at just under 2.5% this is an indication that there is still a room to grow for East African countries and more so Kenya which has low mortgage uptake. While the mortgage markets in the United States and Europe have been studied extensively by academics and other researchers around the world, markets outside the U.S. and Europe generally gain much less attention. Particularly, the structure and other institutional aspects of the mortgage markets outside the U.S. and Europe attain a very attention. This study intended to establish the factors behind the low mortgage uptake. The study had the following specific objectives: to determine the influence of mortgage interest rates on the uptake of mortgages; to establish the effect of incomes on the uptake of mortgages; to identify the effect of credit risks of borrowers on the uptake of mortgages, and; to establish the effect of availability of mortgage financiers on the uptake of mortgages. The study design was descriptive survey. This involved surveying various respondents to find out the factors which contributed to uptake of mortgages. In this study, the population was customers who had taken or was in the process of taking a mortgage from one of the Kenyan mortgage lenders. The sampling technique employed was snowballing which started with a few mortgage borrowers who introduced others. The primary data was collected by means of self-administered questionnaire. The collected data from the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Presentation of the analyzed data was in form of tables and graphs. The findings from the study indicate that income levels had the greatest effect on uptake of mortgages followed by interest rates and other mortgage costs. The third most important factor affecting uptake of mortgage was unavailability of credit data and high credit risks. The least important factor affecting mortgage uptake was availability of mortgage facilities and institutions. From the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made. First, low cost housing should be developed to cater to those who cannot afford current mortgages. Mortgagees should also lower mortgage costs to incorporate more customers into the bracket of those who can afford. The study also recommends the mortgagees and the credit risk bureau to improve risk management and efficiency in their operations. Lastly, it is recommended that the players in the market including CMA, NSE and the various stakeholders should develop a secondary mortgage market.Item Analyzing the Course of Turmoil in Kenya’S Retail Sector(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT, 2018-08) Chesula, Osman Wechuli; Nkobe, Kenyoru DennisPurpose - The retail sector in Kenya is one of the main drivers of the Economy. This paper sought to empirically analyze the factors leading to the collapse of some of the major Supermarket chains and also to understand why some of them are struggling to operate. Design/methodology/approach -The conceptual paper is based on the critical analysis of important data from internal and external industry publications, published interviews, and Regulatory Authorities reports. Findings –It was evident that mismanagement and competition especially from online shopping are some of the main factors that have affected the retail chain sector. Supplier’s failure to facilitate continuous stocking and scrupulous employees has also contributed significantly to the failure of the retail chain sector in Kenya. Originality/value – This paper is the first to propose and provide a comprehensive insight into understanding the reasons for struggling and collapse of the major players in the retail chain industry. The paper also proposes scientific research to statistically explain the effect of each variable on the retail chains.Item EFFECT OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ON FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA(International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance, 2019-09) Farah, Abdirizak Ali; Mbebe, James Nzili; Muyoka, BarbaraThe business environment within which the SACCOs operate has been very volatile. The increasing importance of intellectual capital as the main assets for organizations in the changing knowledgebased economy, where IC played an important role in the existence and continuity of those organizations, in addition to locating it between competitors. The study determined the effect of intellectual capital disclosure on financial sustainability of savings and credit cooperative societies in Kenya. The study specifically established the effect of human capital, structural capital, relational capital and customer capital on financial sustainability of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya. This study was hinged on stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, resource-based theory, human capital theory and constraint induced financial innovation theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study target population was the management staff in the SACCOs in Kenya. Nassiuma (2000) formula was used to obtain the desired sample size of 315 for the study with the population of 1737. Stratified proportionate random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The primary research data was collected from the management staff working at Saccos in Kenya. In this study drop and pick method is preferred for questionnaire administration so as to give respondents enough time to give well thought out responses. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25.0). All the questionnaires received were referenced and items in the questionnaire were coded to facilitate data entry. After data cleaning which entailed checking for errors in entry, descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean score and standard deviation were estimated for all the quantitative variables. Inferential analysis was also done using correlation and regression analysis (multiple regression analysis). Finally, information was presented inform of tables and graphs. Relational capital was found to affect financial sustainability of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya very greatly. The study established that integrated communication systems and operations automation affect financial sustainability of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya to a great extent. The study found that employee’s competence and qualifications affect financial sustainability of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya to a great extent. The study found that customer capital influences financial sustainability of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya greatly. The study concluded that customer capital had the greatest effect on financial sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya, followed by relational capital, then human capital while structural capital had the least effect on financial sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya. The study recommends that managers should therefore seek to understand their clients’ background, discover their priorities, know their tastes and likes to ensure they serve them well thus creating a long-term business relationship with them, culminating in the SACCOs financial sustainability. Also, SACCOs should take part in corporate social responsibility activities as a way of relational capital initiative which will create goodwill and thereby spurring the firm’s performance.