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Item Effect of Digital Payment Services On Financial Inclusion Among Women-Owned Enterprises in Kajiado Central Sub-County, Kenya(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management,, 2026-07) Sarafino Leparmarai,; Kithinji Moses; Naaminda BarbaraThis study examined the effects of digital payment services on financial inclusion among women-owned enterprises in Kajiado Central Sub-County, Kenya. The study was grounded in rational choice theory and adopted a descriptive research design. A total of 138 questionnaires were distributed to respondents in selected state corporations in Nairobi, with 116 completed and returned, yielding a response rate of 84.1%, considered adequate for analysis. Findings showed that digital payment systems were widely accepted and perceived as beneficial. A positive relationship between digital payments and financial inclusion highlights their role in improving transaction efficiency, expanding access to financial services, and integrating women- owned enterprises into the formal financial system. The study concluded that digital payments services play a significant and complementary role in enhancing financial inclusion among women entrepreneurs. Their accessibility, efficiency, and user-oriented features make them powerful tools for economic empowerment. The study recommends that policymakers and financial service providers expand digital infrastructure, particularly agent networks and ATM coverage, to improve accessibility.Item A Cybersecurity Framework for Mitigating Online Identity Theft and Phishing Among Youth in Westlands Constituency, Nairobi County(Int Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship, 2026-06) Ogoro Alice Kemunto; Murungi Robert; John JenuThe increasing use of digital technologies in communication, education, financial transactions, and social interaction has heightened exposure to cyber threats, particularly online identity theft and phishing. Youth are among the most vulnerable groups due to their extensive engagement with digital platforms and limited cybersecurity preparedness. This study examined the influence of technology adoption, cybersecurity education, and policy awareness on the mitigation of online identity theft and phishing among youth in Westlands Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by Routine Activity Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, the Health Belief Model, and Institutional Theory. A mixed-methods descriptive correlational research design was employed. Primary data were collected from 338 youth respondents using structured questionnaires, complemented by qualitative responses and document review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that technology adoption, cybersecurity education, and policy awareness all have positive and statistically significant influences on the mitigation of online identity theft and phishing. Cybersecurity education emerged as the strongest predictor, indicating that increased knowledge and awareness significantly enhance individuals’ ability to identify and respond to cyber threats. Technology adoption contributed to mitigation through the use of cybersecurity tools and protective practices, while policy awareness positively influenced cybersecurity behavior, although its effect was comparatively weaker due to limited awareness and institutional trust. The study concludes that effective mitigation of online identity theft and phishing requires an integrated approach that combines cybersecurity education, technology adoption, and policy awareness. The study contributes to cybersecurity knowledge by proposing an integrated framework for strengthening cybersecurity resilience among youth in digitally connected environments.Item Development of an ISMS Maintenance Tracking System for Security Firms in Nairobi County(International Journal of Professional Practice (IJPP), 2026) Muchiri Esther Wambui; Kinoti Patrick; Charo JoelThe increasing reliance on integrated security technologies in Kenya’s private security sector has intensified the need for effective maintenance of Integrated Security Management Systems (ISMS) to ensure operational continuity, compliance, and resilience. This study examined current ISMS maintenance practices, identified recognized best practices, and developed a digital ISMS Maintenance Tracking System tailored for private security firms in Nairobi County. Guided by the Design Science Research (DSR) paradigm and theoretically grounded in General Systems Theory (GST), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), the research followed a two-phase process, including a diagnostic quantitative survey to assess existing and best ISMS maintenance practices and the design, development, and validation of an ISMS Maintenance Tracking System via User Acceptance Testing (UAT). Using a descriptive and developmental research design, structured questionnaires were administered to 90 sample respondents, yielding a 70% response rate. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Results show that current maintenance practices are weak and negatively associated with system effectiveness (B = -0.893, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.423), while best practices, including preventive scheduling, SLA monitoring, and real- time logging, positively predict effectiveness (B = 0.815, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.350). The combined model (F(2,60) = 89.812, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.750) explains 75% of the variance in effectiveness. UAT demonstrated high usability and functionality (over 90% satisfaction across modules). The study concludes that replacing fragmented, reactive procedures with an automated, standards-aligned tracking system substantially improves ISMS reliability, accountability, and compliance. The study recommends adopting ISO/IEC 27001-aligned maintenance frameworks and deploying the developed system in phases. In practice, the study provides a validated maintenance tool; for policy, it offers evidence to inform regulatory frameworks; and theoretically, it extends DSR applications to context- driven ISMS solutions that support Kenya’s Private Security Regulation Act (2016) and SDG 9.Item An Assessment of the Relationship Between the Price Tariffs of a Christian-Affiliated Guesthouse and Customer Choice Behavior in Nairobi County(Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,, 2024-09) Nyaga, Dorothy K.; Muchai, Peter; Laimaru, SusanPurpose: To assess the relationship between the price tariffs of a Christian-affiliated guesthouse and customer choice behavior in Nairobi County. Methodology: Descriptive survey research design was used on a target population of the study comprising 13 Christian Affiliated Guest houses registered with the Christian Guest Houses Association of Kenya (CGHAK) in Nairobi County. The total number of respondents was 723, including all guesthouse general managers (13), two supervisors (Front Office and Food and Beverage Supervisors) from each guesthouse (26), and all customers based on the average occupancy (684). A census sampling method was used to select guesthouse managers (13) and supervisors (26). Further, the random sampling method was used to obtain the 252 customer respondents. Closed and open-ended questionnaires were used to obtain data from 252 CAG guests while an interview schedule was used to obtain data from 26 CAG supervisors and 13 CAG general managers. For piloting, this study used one randomly selected CAG (10%) in Kiambu and obtained 1 manager, 2 supervisors, and 25 guests (10%) as respondents. Cronbach alpha was used to measure reliability. For validity, the instrument was piloted before the actual data collection process. Quantitative data such as mean and standard deviation was analyzed using SPSS whereas thematic method was used to analyze qualitative data. Data was presented using tables and figures. Results: The highest mean score was observed on the dimension of mode of payment which had an average score of 4.22. This observation implied that one of the reasons that could be attracting guests to remain loyal to a particular guesthouse is a mode of payment of bills the guesthouse has adopted. The least mean rating was observed on fair price tariffs, with an average score of 4.22. This is an indication that fairness in the price tariffs, as a dimension of Price Tariff, is not such an important factor when it comes to choosing a guesthouse. Again, this rolls back to service provisions. That is, an individual would be more willing to pay more as long as the service will meet his/her expectations. Nonetheless, the fact that the fairness of price tariffs was not such an important factor, the overall mean response of 3.9. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study concluded that price tariffs had a positive influence on customer choice behavior. This was based on the fact that versatility of modes paying bills ensured that there was efficiency and convenience in payments. The study recommends that more attention should be paid by the management to payment modes such as mobile money since it promotes security and convenience to the guests.Item Influence of Strategic Planning on the Performance of Telecommunication Industry in Somalia(Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research,, 2025-08) Hassan Abdullahi, Abdikafi; Mbithi, Mary; Maore, StephenDespite notable growth, Somalia’s telecommunication industry faces persistent performance challenges due to inadequate strategic planning, leading to inefficiencies, poor resource allocation, and limited adaptability in a highly competitive and dynamic environment. This study investigated the influence of strategic planning on the performance of the telecommunication industry in Somalia. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques to provide comprehensive insights into the relationship between strategic planning practices and industry performance. The study targeted 220 participants across 22 registered telecommunication firms in major urban centers including Mogadishu, Hargeisa, and Kismayo. Respondents included telecommunication managers, strategic planning staff, innovation strategy personnel, and customer relationship managers. Using census sampling, the research achieved an exceptional response rate of 90.5%, with 199 completed questionnaires. Data collection employed structured questionnaires with quantitative analysis conducted using SPSS version 28. The findings revealed strong positive perceptions regarding strategic planning practices in Somalia’s telecommunications industry. The analysis revealed a strong correlation coefficient (R = 0.742) and explanatory power (R2 = 0.551), indicating that strategic planning accounts for 55.1% of variance in industry performance. The regression model proved statistically significant (F = 242.358, p < 0.001), with standardized coefficient (ff = 0.742) confirming the positive relationship. For every unit increase in strategic planning implementation, performance increased by 0.684 units. The study concluded that strategic planning serves as a critical predictor of organizational performance in Somalia’s telecommunications sector, supporting the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study recommended that telecommunication companies in Somalia should prioritize strategy evaluation and control systems, establish performance monitoring frameworks, invest in data analytics, and build institutional capacity to adapt strategies in response to changing market conditions and evaluation findings.Item Organizational Structure and Performance of Tier One Commercial Banks in Nairobi County, Kenya(Academic Journal of Social Sciences and Education,, 2025-07) Rita, Chaga Mwamsindo; Kihara, Peter; Cherono, VivianThe performance of Tier One commercial banks in Nairobi County is increasingly shaped by internal structural dynamics amid rising operational costs, stricter regulatory demands, and heightened market competition. This study investigated the effect of organizational structure— focusing on hierarchy levels, formalization, and span of control—on bank performance. Grounded in Organizational Structure Theory, the research adopted a descriptive design targeting senior and middle-level managers from all 11 Tier One banks. A purposive sample of 88 managers drawn from 8 banks participated in the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0, employing descriptive statistics and simple linear regression. The findings revealed strong, negative, and statistically significant bivariate relationships between each organizational structure variable and bank performance. However, the simple linear regression results indicated that the overall influence of organizational structure on performance was not statistically significant (β = –2.14, p = 0.113). This suggests that although structural elements such as hierarchy, formalization, and span of control may individually impact performance, their combined effect does not sufficiently explain performance variations when analyzed within a single model. The study concludes that organizational structure may influence performance outcomes at the individual factor level, but its predictive power is limited when assessed holistically through simple regression. It is recommended that Tier One banks consider streamlining their internal structures by eliminating unnecessary hierarchical layers, simplifying formal procedures, and widening managerial span of control where feasible. Pilot-testing these structural changes in selected units may offer practical insights for enhancing strategic performance in a competitive banking environment.Item Agency Banking Strategy and Performance of Commercial Banks of Tier Three Banks in Kenya(Academic Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2025) Kinyua, Robert Muchiri; Kihara, Peter; Milui, JoshuaThe performance of commercial banks in Kenya has increasingly been influenced by the adoption and utilization of agency banking, which plays a pivotal role in enhancing operational efficiency, customer engagement, and overall bank performance. This study investigates the influence of agency banking on the performance of tier-three commercial banks in Kenya, focusing specifically on the number of agents, agent network coverage, transaction volume through agents, and agent performance metrics. Grounded in Resource- Based Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Bank-Led Theory, and Agency Theory, the research examines how the adoption and integration of agency banking affect key performance indicators. A descriptive research design was used, targeting all 21 tier-three commercial banks in Nairobi City County, with a sample population of 2,123 employees across senior, middle, and operational management. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires distributed to a purposive sample of 273 employees. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive, diagnostic, and inferential statistical methods with SPSS Version 26.0. The findings revealed that agency banking significantly and positively influenced the organizational performance of tier-three banks in Kenya. The study concludes that enhancing agency banking strategies can improve the operational efficiency of these banks. Recommendations include expanding agent networks, optimizing transaction volumes, and improving agent performance metrics to maximize the potential of agency banking and ensure long-term success.Item Influence of Strategic Planning on thePerformance of Telecommunication Industryin Somalia(Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 2025) Abdullahi, Abdikafi Hassan; Mbithi, Mary; Maore, StephenDespite notable growth, Somalia’s telecommunication industry faces persistent performancechallenges due to inadequate strategic planning, leading to inefficiencies, poor resource allocation, andlimited adaptability in a highly competitive and dynamic environment. This study investigated theinfluence of strategic planning on the performance of the telecommunication industry in Somalia. Theresearch adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collectiontechniques to provide comprehensive insights into the relationship between strategic planning practicesand industry performance. The study targeted 220 participants across 22 registered telecommunicationfirms in major urban centers including Mogadishu, Hargeisa, and Kismayo. Respondents includedtelecommunication managers, strategic planning staff, innovation strategy personnel, and customerrelationship managers. Using census sampling, the research achieved an exceptional response rate of90.5%, with 199 completed questionnaires. Data collection employed structured questionnaires withquantitative analysis conducted using SPSS version 28. The findings revealed strong positive perceptionsregarding strategic planning practices in Somalia’s telecommunications industry. The analysis revealeda strong correlation coefficient (R = 0.742) and explanatory power (R² = 0.551), indicating thatstrategic planning accounts for 55.1% of variance in industry performance. The regression model provedstatistically significant (F = 242.358, p < 0.001), with standardized coefficient ( = 0.742) confirmingthe positive relationship. For every unit increase in strategic planning implementation, performanceincreased by 0.684 units. The study concluded that strategic planning serves as a critical predictor oforganizational performance in Somalia’s telecommunications sector, supporting the rejection of the nullhypothesis. The study recommended that telecommunication companies in Somalia should prioritizestrategy evaluation and control systems, establish performance monitoring frameworks, invest in dataanalytics, and build institutional capacity to adapt strategies in response to changing market conditionsand evaluation findingsItem Influence of Strategic Planning on thePerformance of Telecommunication Industryin Somalia(Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research,, 2025) Abdullahi, Abdikafi Hassan; Mbithi, Mary; Maore, StephenDespite notable growth, Somalia’s telecommunication industry faces persistent performancechallenges due to inadequate strategic planning, leading to inefficiencies, poor resource allocation, andlimited adaptability in a highly competitive and dynamic environment. This study investigated theinfluence of strategic planning on the performance of the telecommunication industry in Somalia. Theresearch adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collectiontechniques to provide comprehensive insights into the relationship between strategic planning practicesand industry performance. The study targeted 220 participants across 22 registered telecommunicationfirms in major urban centers including Mogadishu, Hargeisa, and Kismayo. Respondents includedtelecommunication managers, strategic planning staff, innovation strategy personnel, and customerrelationship managers. Using census sampling, the research achieved an exceptional response rate of90.5%, with 199 completed questionnaires. Data collection employed structured questionnaires withquantitative analysis conducted using SPSS version 28. The findings revealed strong positive perceptionsregarding strategic planning practices in Somalia’s telecommunications industry. The analysis revealeda strong correlation coefficient (R = 0.742) and explanatory power (R² = 0.551), indicating thatstrategic planning accounts for 55.1% of variance in industry performance. The regression model provedstatistically significant (F = 242.358, p < 0.001), with standardized coefficient ( = 0.742) confirmingthe positive relationship. For every unit increase in strategic planning implementation, performanceincreased by 0.684 units. The study concluded that strategic planning serves as a critical predictor oforganizational performance in Somalia’s telecommunications sector, supporting the rejection of the nullhypothesis. The study recommended that telecommunication companies in Somalia should prioritizestrategy evaluation and control systems, establish performance monitoring frameworks, invest in dataanalytics, and build institutional capacity to adapt strategies in response to changing market conditionsand evaluation findings.Item Influence of Strategic Direction on Organizational Performance of Public Corporations in Kenya. A Case Study of Agricultural Finance Corporation(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 2024-08) Muchiri, Veronicah Mwihaki; Gichunge, Evangeline; Mutegi, DoreenThis study examined the influence of strategic direction on the organizational performance of public corporations in Kenya, focusing specifically on the Agricultural Finance Corporation. The study was grounded in Contingency Theory. A descriptive research design was employed, with data collected from a sample of 204 employees across various management levels at AFC. The study also adopted simple random method. Primary data were gathered through standardized questionnaires, while secondary data on organizational performance were sourced from AFC’s financial reports and other relevant publications. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis, facilitated by SPSS version 29. It was found that a well-defined strategic direction, when effectively communicated and aligned with the organization’s operations, led to improved financial performance, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction. Based on these findings, the study recommended several strategies for improving the performance of public corporations like AFC. It was recommended that AFC’s leadership enhance strategic communication to ensure that all employees are aligned with the organization’s vision, mission, and goals.