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Item EFFECT OF SAVING LITERACY ON INVESTMENT DECISION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MERU COUNTY(EPRA International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies, 2024-08) May, Chorongo Kitawa; Fredrick, Mutea; Adel, KanyiriThe education sector in Kenya receive the largest share of the country's budget, with a significant portion allocated to paying teachers' salaries, as they constituted a large portion of the employed workforce. This study aimed to assess the effect of saving literacy on investment decisions among public secondary school teachers in Meru County, Kenya. It investigated why teachers in Meru County struggled to invest for their future and explored the role of their financial literacy in contributing to this issue, as indicated in the Solution SACCO annual report for the year 2022. The study was anchored under Financial Literacy Theory. Empirical analysis was conducted based on the study's objectives and conceptual framework. The target population for the study consisted of 1,825 teachers from public secondary schools in Meru County. A descriptive research design was employed, gathering data from primary and secondary sources. Purposive sampling was used to select accessible schools in the nine sub-counties within Meru County, while a simple random sampling technique was applied to select 328 respondents. A self-administered questionnaire was tested on 30 respondents from Tharaka Nithi County, constituting 10% of the sample size, and feedback from the university supervisors was used to address any ambiguities or irrelevant questions. The researcher distributed and collected questionnaires using the drop-and- pick method. After collecting the data from the field, it was reviewed to identify errors such as spelling mistakes and unanswered questions. The data was then coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. The findings were presented through tables, and regression analysis, ANOVA tests, and coefficients of determination were conducted to examine correlations and establish the model equation. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate mean values and standard deviations, and Pearson correlation analysis was employed for hypothesis testing. Subsequently, the findings were compiled into summaries, reports, and frequency distribution tables. The analysis of multiple regression indicated that the R^2 value stood at is 0.691, suggesting that the variables related to financial literacy accounts for 69.1% of change for variation in investment decisions made by TSC teachers in public secondary schools in Meru County. The findings concluded that employees generally exhibit prudent financial practices, as seen in their efforts to avoid loan defaults, read credit terms carefully, repay borrowed money promptly, and use unsecured loans judiciously. The study recommended for adoption of a culture that emphasizes saving and investing among teachers in the Teaching Service Commission (TSC) and suggest for an attempt to explore non-economic elements that might affect teachers' investment decision-making processes.Item Effect of Income Diversification Financial Resilience among Pastoralists in Borana Community, Southern Ethiopia(Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 2025-05) Kusha, Biqa Boru; Nancy, Rintari; Fredrick, MuteaPurpose: To assess the Effect of Income Diversification Financial Resilience among Pastoralists in Borana Community, Southern Ethiopia Methodology: Using a descriptive research design, a sample of 394 respondents was selected via simple random sampling, based on Yamane’s formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and validated with a pilot study (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.7). SPSS Version 25 facilitated analysis through descriptive statistics and multiple regression, assessing the effects of risk management, income diversification, asset preservation, and economic empowerment on financial resilience. Results were clearly presented in tables. Results: The study found a moderate positive relationship (R = 0.432) between income diversification and financial resilience among Borana pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia. Income diversification explained 18.7% of the variance in financial resilience (R2 = 0.187; adjusted R2 = 0.183). A one-unit increase in diversification led to a 0.507-unit rise in resilience (B = 0.507), with strong statistical significance (t = 4.671, p = 0.000; F = 25.874, p < 0.05). These results confirm income diversification as a key predictor of financial resilience, aligning with prior research highlighting its importance in enhancing pastoralists' adaptive capacity against climate risks. Unique contribution to theory, policy, and practice: This study highlights how income diversification strengthens financial resilience among pastoralist communities in Ethiopia's Borana Zone. Engaging in trade, crop farming, wage labor, and small enterprises enhances adaptive capacity to climatic and economic shocks. It advances resilience theory by showing that diversified income streams are vital for sustainable livelihoods in vulnerable ecosystems. The research urges policymakers and development actors to prioritize livelihood diversification through vocational training, financial literacy, microfinance, and improved market access. Promoting alternative income sources reduces overreliance on livestock, mitigating the impacts of drought and market instability while fostering secure, adaptive rural livelihoods.Item Effect of Training Programs on Organizational Performance of Meru County Government, Kenya(Journal of Human Resource & Leadership, 2025-07) Ireen, Mung’athia Mukiri; Nancy, Rintari; Fredrick, MuteaThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training programs on the organizational performance of Meru County Government, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design, which enabled assessment of the characteristics of the population. The target population comprised 33 senior-level managers and 677 middle-level employees in 11 departments of the Meru County Government. The study used the purposive sampling method to sample 11 CECs, 11 directors, and 11 administrators, while the simple random method was used to sample the middle-level employees’ sample size. In determining the sample size of the population, the Yamane formula was used to arrive at the sample of 251 middle-level employees. The middle- level employees answered the questionnaires, whereas the senior-level management was interviewed. A pilot study was conducted in the Tharaka Nithi County Government. Additionally, the Cronbach alpha method was used to measure reliability. The study assessed content and criterion validity. SPSS software version 24 was used to analyze descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means. Additionally, inferential statistics such as model summary and ANOVA were developed, as well as regression coefficients to determine the model of the study. The correlation coefficient for training programs was r = 0.501 at α < 0.002 and a 99% significance level, which enabled the study to reject the null hypothesis. It was concluded that training programs were vital towards enhancing the performance of the county government. Their contribution made it possible to transfer skills and knowledge from the management to the staff within reasonable time and environment. The skills transferred enabled them to remain relevant in their industries and professions. That notwithstanding, the number of trainings offered to the staff was still few as compared to the training needs placed by business demands. The study recommends the need for the county government leadership develop an adequate policy framework that would increase the budget allocated to training and development programs that can support employees. Additionally, the departmental managers should encourage the employees to collaborate with their colleagues in gaining peer-related training on operations. The employees are also encouraged to develop proactiveness with regard to seeking information and knowledge from the internet and other external sources so as to become innovative in their roles. They do not necessarily have to wait for formal training in the county government to take place to gain work-related insights.Item Effect of Digitizing Operations on Organizational Performance of Marsabit County Government, Kenya(Journal of Strategic Management, 2025-07) Boru, Kosi Wako; Nancy, Rintari; Fredrick, MuteaThe purpose of the study was to examine the effect of digitizing operations on the organizational performance of Marsabit County Government, Kenya. The research design that was specifically adopted in the study was a descriptive. The target population included 84 managers and 512 officers in the Marsabit County government. The study used a simple random sampling technique to identify and sample 69 managers and 220 officers in the study. The departmental managers answered both closed- and open-ended questionnaires, whereas the officers answered the closed-ended questionnaires. A pilot study was done in the Samburu County government. Descriptive and inferential analyses were done through SPSS, whereby frequency, percentages, and mean represented descriptive analysis, while Pearson correlation, model summary, analysis of variance, and regression coefficients represented the inferential analysis. It was noted that digitization within the county’s operations improved structured decision-making that was supported by facts and which motivated the staff to align with departmental objectives. As a result, enhanced efficiency and strategic direction were fostered within the county government. However, cyber insecurity concerns, lack of management’s reliance on data to make decisions, and persistent traditional approaches to arriving at a consensus were notable gaps that slowed down the complete digital transformations in the Marsabit County government. Cyber insecurity concerns, lack of management’s reliance on data to make decisions, and persistent traditional approaches to arriving at a consensus were notable gaps that slowed down the complete digital transformations in the Marsabit County government. The study’s recommendations on digitizing operations are that the county’s management should increase various investments and funding to provide a stable and secure technological infrastructural foundation. This could include funding training on cybersecurity for county staff and procuring firewalls and encryption infrastructure. The study also recommends that the county leadership should support capacity-building programs that aim at improving data analysis skills in tandem with the encouragement of evidence-based decisions. Furthermore, policy development is recommended to the strategic management team to make it a rule that allows data to be the focal foundation for making decisions by the management.Item Influence of Employee Training on Service Delivery in Meru County Government(Academic pubs, 2025) Mary, Mwiki Mukiri; Fredrick, Mutea; Nancy, RintariDespite various service delivery improvement strategies employed in Meru County Government, service delivery quality remains a persistent challenge, affecting citizen satisfaction and public trust in government institutions. The county has witnessed increasing citizen complaints regarding slow service delivery, inadequate service quality, and limited responsiveness to public needs. While employee training is widely recognized as a crucial approach to service delivery improvement, its implementation in Meru County has been limited by factors such as inadequate training needs assessment, insufficient budget allocation, and lack of systematic training evaluation mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of employee training on service delivery in Meru County Government, identify challenges faced, and propose policy recommendations aimed at improving public service delivery through enhanced training programs. The study was anchored on the Human Capital Theory advanced by Gary Becker in 1964. The study adopted a descriptive survey design targeting 150 county staff members. Using Slovin’s formula at a 5% margin of error, a sample size of 109 was determined through random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics including Pearson’s correlation, coefficient of determination, and multiple regression analysis. The study achieved an 84.4% response rate. Results revealed that employee training significantly influences service delivery outcomes (β = 0.342, p = 0.001), with training explaining 68.1% of the variance in service delivery outcomes (R 2 = 0.681). Employee training emerged as a fundamental driver of successful service delivery in Meru County Government. Regular training programs effectively enhance technical skills and competencies, particularly improving service quality and efficiency. The study recommended that Meru County Government should strengthen its employee training framework by establishing comprehensive training policies, systematic needs assessment mechanisms, competency-based development initiatives, and training evaluation systems that measure impact on service delivery outcomes.Item The Role of Financial Literacy on Financial Inclusion of Women in Isiolo County, Kenya.(International Journal of Finance, 2025-07) Constance, Mwaro; Fredrick, Mutea; Kenneth, MugambiPurpose: This study aimed to investigate how knowledge and understanding of financial concepts, such as budgeting, saving, borrowing, and digital banking, influence the ability of women in Isiolo County, Kenya, to access and effectively use formal financial services. Methodology: This study used a descriptive design to examine 279 women entrepreneurs from a population of 920 in Isiolo County, selected via proportionate random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. The study used for descriptive and multiple regression analysis. Diagnostic tests confirmed data suitability for regression analysis. Results: The study found a statistically significant positive relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion among women in Isiolo County. A correlation coefficient of 0.487 indicated a moderate positive link, while an R-squared of 0.237 showed that financial literacy explained 23.7% of the variance in financial inclusion. The regression coefficient (B = 0.558) revealed that each unit increase in financial literacy led to a 0.558-unit rise in financial inclusion. The model was significant (F = 72.345, p < 0.05). Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: This study offers valuable insights into how financial literacy drives women’s financial inclusion, particularly in underserved communities. It strengthens Financial Literacy Theory by demonstrating that women with financial knowledge, budgeting skills, and confidence are better positioned to engage with formal financial services. At the policy level, it encourages institutions like the Central Bank of Kenya and Women Enterprise Fund to incorporate tailored, gender-sensitive financial education into development initiatives. Practically, it advocates for targeted training by financial institutions and NGOs on key topics such as digital banking, credit, savings, and budgeting. To enhance reach, mobile learning and peer-based education are recommended, especially for low-literacy populations. The co-design of user-friendly financial products with local women is also emphasized to improve accessibility and impact.