School of Business and Economics
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Welcome to School of Business and Economics collection.This collection contains Journal articles published by faculty affiliated to the school.
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Item Influence Of Strategy Formulation On Performance Of Water Service Providers In The Lower-Eastern Counties Of Kenya.(Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research,, 2025-09) Miriti, Erastus Mwongera; Kihara, Peter; Miluwi, JoshuaKenya's water service providers face significant performance challenges, with Non-Revenue Water exceeding 45% and water coverage at only 60%. These inefficiencies result in annual revenue losses of approximately Kshs 15.8 billion, significantly constraining agricultural productivity in an agriculture-dependent economy. This study examined the influence of strategy formulation on performance of water service providers in the Lower- Eastern counties of Kenya. The study aimed to determine the influence of strategy formulation on performance of water service providers in the Lower-Eastern counties of Kenya. The research was anchored on four complementary theories: Resource Based View theory, which emphasizes strategic application of distinctive organizational resources; Dynamic Capabilities Theory, focusing on adaptive capacity development; Agency Theory, addressing principal-agent relationships in state-owned water resources; and Stakeholder Theory, recognizing diverse interests in water resource management. The study adopted a positivist philosophy using descriptive survey design with mixed-methods approach. The target population comprised 758 staff across ten licensed water service providers. Stratified purposive sampling yielded 183 respondents determined by Yamane's formula. Data collection utilized self-administered questionnaires with pre-testing confirming reliability (Cronbach's Alpha: 0.73-0.86). Analysis employed SPSS Version 21 for descriptive and inferential statistics. Bivariate regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between strategy formulation and performance (r = 0.426, p < 0.001). Strategy formulation explained 18.2% of performance variation (R2 = 0.182). The regression equation Y = 2.077 + 0.365X1 + ε demonstrated that each unit increase in strategy formulation resulted in 0.365 unit improvement in performance (β = 0.365, t = 5.771, p < 0.001). The F-statistic (33.302) confirmed model significance. Strategy formulation significantly influences water service provider performance.. Water service providers should establish comprehensive stakeholder engagement frameworks, invest in strategic planning capabilities, implement balanced performance measurement systems, and prioritize research and development investments for sustainable competitive advantage.Item Alternative Dispute Resolution Diplomacy and its Impact on National Security, A Case Study on Banditry Attacks in Kenya(Journal of Public Policy & Governance, 2025-05) Mutuma, Lillian Kagwiria; Riungu, Festus; Miluwi, JoshuaCommunal conflict has been a global challenge that has hampered state of national security in many countries across the globe and SubSaharan has been mostly affected. In Kenya, communal conflicts has been a great threat to peace and stability, the Kenyan government has therefore invested a lot of resources to mitigate the problem. The wave of banditry attacks have spread recently to other neighbouring counties, Meru County and in particular the Igembe region being the most recent county to suffer from this wave. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of alternative dispute resolution, as a diplomatic avenue of enhancing national security. The study specifically investigate the influence of mediation, negotiation, conciliation and traditional dispute resolution mechanism in resolving banditry in the Igembe north subcounty of Meru County. The study was underpinned by theory of conflict, process of pluralism theory and the general theory on conflict and dispute. The study adopted mixed research methods where qualitative and quantitative results were triangulated. The study engaged national administration officers, religious leaders and village elders at the location level in the subcounty, thus census was appropriate as members from each location was represented by selected leaders. The study collected primary data using open ended questionnaire. The study undertook pilot from a selected location in the subcounty to test reliability and validity of research instuments. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and generated in form of descriptive and inferential statistics. Negotiations findings significantly affected national security enhancement. Conciliatory mechanisms has positive and significant effect on enhancing national security, focus on banditry attacks in Igembe North subcounty. Traditional dispute resolution has a positive and significant effect on enhancing national security, focus on banditry attacks in Igembe North Subcounty. The study concluded that mediation process and principles are fundamental in realizing cohesive society. The traditional dispute resolution provide homegrown solutions that is paramount in resolving conflict attributed to banditry attacks. The study recommended strengthening policy and legislation framework to harmonize the existing formal regulation to collaborate with this mechanism.Item Asset liability management and financial performance of microfinance banks in Nairobi County.(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management,, 2025-05) Otieno, Beryl Akoth; Kithinji, Moses; Miluwi, JoshuaThis study investigated the effect of asset liability management on the financial performance of Microfinance Banks in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by Liquidity Preference Theory. Adopting a descriptive correlational research design, the study targeted senior managers, financial analysts, credit officers, and internal audit personnel from large, medium, and small MFBs in Nairobi County. Stratified random sampling ensured representativeness across these categories, while data collection combined structured questionnaires and secondary data sheets. Analytical methods included both descriptive and inferential statistical tools, with SPSS version 29 utilized for robust data processing and hypothesis testing. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between asset-liability management and financial performance, demonstrating the criticality of aligning assets with liabilities to mitigate risks. The study underscores the importance of tailored asset liability management for enhancing financial sustainability in the microfinance sector. The study recommended that microfinance banks strengthen asset liability using advanced tools and dynamic forecasting. Future research could investigate how incorporating machine learning and blockchain into asset management affects financial performance. Additionally, research could examine the long-term impact of macroeconomic factors (inflation, interest rates) on asset management strategies and the influence of ESG factors on these practices, considering the growing importance of sustainable finance.Item Impact of short-term debt-asset ratio on the financial performance of commercial banks.(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management,, 2024-07) Dador, Maria Clement Jul; Githinji, Moses; Miluwi, JoshuaThis study investigated the impact of short-term debt-asset ratio on the financial performance of commercial banks. Descriptive research design allowed the researcher to collect data that describes the debt financing practices. The target population were commercial banks and in particular, 43 commercial banks domiciled in Nairobi County and have been in operation from 2004 – 2022. The study employed census due to the relatively small size of the population. Secondary data was utilized, which was acquired from the annual financial statements and reports published by the 43 commercial banks listed annually. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 23. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency distribution tables, percentages, and pie charts, was used to analyze the quantitative data. Pearson Correlation Analyses was utilized to investigate the relationship between the independent variable of banks' debt financing and the dependent variable of banks' financial performance. Furthermore, linear regression was employed to examine the dimension of the independent variable and the dependent variable. It was found that short-term debt-asset ratio was satisfactory (M=3.54, SD = 1.19), and financial performance (M=3.28, SD = 1.28). The study recommended that Commercial banks in Nairobi County Kenya should continuously formulate measures that sustain their accounts payables because this will lead to increased returns on assets.Item Sport diplomacy as a driver of regional cooperation and integration in East Africa.(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management,, 2025-05) Mude, Ibrahim Abdi; Miluwi, Joshua; Kithinji, MosesThe correlation between sports and politics is a long and intriguing one. Human history, from antiquity, demonstrates that sport has always been exploited by the ruling elite to provide a utility ‘beyond the game’. Sports has been a useful tool for promoting regional cooperation and integration. Sports diplomacy is a term used to refer to the efforts of the state that involve the use of sports to promote national interests. Kenya’s foreign policy is anchored on five interlinked pillars; peace diplomacy, economic diplomacy, diaspora diplomacy, environmental diplomacy and cultural diplomacy. The cultural diplomacy pillar seeks to promote the use of sports diplomacy by recognizing the role of sports personalities in promoting Kenya’s national interest. This is a deliberate effort to use sports diplomacy in order to realize Kenya’s foreign policy objectives. Kenya’s foreign policy objectives include promotion of regional integration amongst others. This proposed study examined how Kenya uses sports to promote its regional cooperation and integration within East Africa. The study applied Liberalism Theory. The study employed mixed methods research design. Using Purposive and Snowball Sampling techniques, the study used interview method to collect primary data. Secondary data was also used. The data was then be sorted and analyzed to enable the researcher to make generalizations about correlations of the study variables. The study covered 2010-2019.Item Influence of Recruitment on the Organizational Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya(International Research Journal of business strategic management, 2025-07) Mueni, Aaron Sharon; Nzioki, Susan; Miluwi, JoshuaThis study examined the influence of recruitment on the organizational performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Nairobi County. The key objective was to determine how recruitment practices impact performance outcomes. A correlational research design was adopted, targeting 247 Human Resource Managers and their assistants across 10 MFIs. Using Taro Yamane’s formula at a 5% error margin, a sample size of 153 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression analysis revealed that recruitment significantly influences organizational performance, with an R-squared value of 0.583, F-statistic of 206.631, and a p-value of 0.000, indicating that recruitment explains 58.3% of the variation in performance. The B= 0.763 (p = 0.000), confirming a strong and positive influence. The study concluded that effective recruitment characterized by clear screening criteria, fair shortlisting, comprehensive reference checks, and structured interviews significantly enhances MFI performance. It is recommended that MFIs adopt standardized and inclusive recruitment policies, ensure all panel feedback is considered, and strengthen reference checks. Policy frameworks should be developed to enforce transparent and merit-based hiring to sustain institutional growth and competitiveness in the financial sector.Item Influence of Resource Allocation on the Performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2024-05) Ng’ang’a, Irene Nyakio; Kituku, Gladys; Miluwi, JoshuaGood performance of revenue authority through a steady flow of incomes is an indicator of the financial health of a country in its role of providing: public services, infrastructure, and social programs support. Prioritizing an efficient tax system reduces dependence on foreign aid and also fosters domestic revenue generation. However, developing countries have not been able to finance their budgets internally ending up relying on loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. These loans become hard to manage with high dependencies on lending institutions becoming debt trap cycles hindering their economic sustainability. Kenya, according to the World Bank (2022), through a debt sustainability report revealed that the present value of total debt to gross domestic product was at 70.5% in 2020, 76.3% in 2022, and is projected to be at 79.2% in October 2023.Huge debt by the Kenyan government running in Trillions of Kenya shillings is attributed to high borrowing from deficiencies in collections by the Kenya Revenue Authority. These unfolding statistics require appropriate strategic initiatives in resource allocation to correct the situation on the performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority. This paper sought to examine the influence of resource allocation on the performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority. The study applied a descriptive research design. The target population for the study was the Kenya Revenue Authority. The unit of analysis included 196 middle-level managers of KRA from the Finance department (87), Human resource department (43), Marketing and communication departments (39), and Corporate service and administration departments (27). The stratified random sampling method and the Slovin formula were applied to obtain a representative sample size of 132 respondents. The study gathered data through online surveys and questionnaires which were physically administered. Data collected was analyzed through both descriptive and inferential analyses. Results revealed a β of 0.691 and a p-value of 0.001, between resource allocation and the performance of KRA. The study concluded that resource allocation had a positive and significant influence on the performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority. The study recommended optimizing resource allocation to align with strategic goals to enhance operational efficiency. Furthermore, the study recommended fostering inclusivity and staff participation to boost organizational resilience and innovation. Moreover, the study recommended prioritizing investment in ICT infrastructure to ensure competitiveness and productivity. Lastly, the study recommended that maintaining adequate staffing levels and empowering employees through training would foster a motivated workforce to enhance KRA’s adaptability, performance, and long-term sustainability.Item Influence of Customer Satisfaction On the Performance of Dairy Firms in Kiambu CountY(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 2025-04) Orlando, Susan Atieno; Mbithi, Mary; Miluwi, JoshuaThis study explored the influence of customer satisfaction on the performance of dairy firms in Kiambu County, Kenya. The researcher used a descriptive research design, a quantitative research method, and conduct correlation and regression analysis. The population of the study was all managers from dairy firms in Kiambu County. Since the population of study was heterogeneous, a stratified random sampling technique was applied to obtain the participants from each category. Both drop, pick and online questionnaire were administered for data collection. The regression findings established a strong and positive correlation between customer satisfaction and dairy firms’ performance. A strong and positive correlation between innovation and learning perspectives and performance was established. Findings indicated that implementation of the strategic objectives of each of the customer satisfaction contributed to general performance of the dairy firms in Kiambu County. Investing in the implementation of customer perspective strategies was fundamental in fostering the performance of the dairy firms. Dairy firms in Kiambu need to enhance customer satisfaction by understanding their needs and expectation. Future researchers should improve the study through a representative sample by focusing on more industries.Item Influence of Situation Analysis on Performance of YouthEnterprises Development Fund in Nairobi City County(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS), 2023-09) Githinji, Michael Ronald; Kirimi, Eunice; Miluwi, JoshuaThe absence of situation analysis may result in inadequately designed strategies, misallocation of resources, and poor risk management approach all of which could negatively impact organizational performance. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of situation analysis on the performance of youth enterprise development funds (YEDF) in Nairobi city county. The study was descriptive, targeting a population of 114 staff at the headquarters. A Census of all the target respondents was considered as the sample. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to obtain data for the study through online and physical administration. Analysis of data was done by descriptive, content, and regression analysis. Out of a sample of 114 respondents, only 96 respondents returned their questionnaires which represented a response rate of 84.2%. Results of the study revealed that an r-square of 0.196, which implies that situation analysis, accounted for 19.6% of the changes in the performance of the youth enterprises fund. Besides, the study revealed a β of 0.713 and a p-value of 0.001<0.05. The study concluded that situation analysis had a positive and significant influence on the performance of YEDF in Nairobi city county. The study recommended the YEDF enhance and pay more attention to both internal and external factors that affect its performance. YEDF should conduct more internal assessments of its strengths and weaknesses. Besides YEDF in Nairobi county should also conduct a situation analysis on the external environmental factors including technology and economics to enhance its performance.Item FINANCIAL PLANNING SERVICES AND ACCESS TO CREDIT BY MICRO ENTERPRISES IN THE FORMAL SECTOR IN KENYA(Journal of International Business, Innovation and Strategic Management, 2023) Karimi, Ann Njeri; Bamiwera, Bernard; Miluwi, JoshuaThe study investigated the influence of financial planning services on access to credit for micro-enterprises in the formal sector in Kenya. This was due to the lack of available credit from banks and other financial organizations, caused by the high rate of credit default based on personal judgment. Agency theory was used to hypothesize the interconnection between the variables of financial planning services and access to credit. A descriptive survey design was employed, with a sample size of 384 determined by the Cochran formula from a population of 1,215,184 micro-enterprises regulated by the government of Kenya. Sample size proportion was used to ensure proportionate representation from the eight former Administrative Regions of Kenya. The study gathered and analyzed primary data using semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to compute means, frequencies, and standard deviation from grouped data obtained from the overall Likert scale while inferential statistics such as logistic regression, were applied to investigate the relationship between the study variables using advanced SPSS computer software version 23. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that financial planning services had a positive influence on access to credit. The findings indicated the significance of financial planning services. However, the low levels of financial planning services have hindered access to credit for financing the regulated micro-enterprises, thereby affecting the overall performance of the MSMEs sector. Based on these findings the study recommends that the government of Kenya should develop effective strategies to promote financial planning services to increase access to credit. Some of the engagements involve the licensing of more certified financial planners and the government through the Micro and Small Enterprises Authority should provide technical assistance and incentives to credit counseling and financial planning firms and professionals to ensure that credit counseling and financial planning services are provided to the micro-enterprises in the formal sector in an effective and efficient manner.