Master of Business Administration

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Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Performance of Telecommunication Companies in Kenya
(KeMU, 2006-06) Gathoni, Gathuri Joyce
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are classified as third sector institutions. Third sector in the sense that they are active partners in social and economic developments besides governments (public sector) and the private institutions (private sector). NGOs play a key role in all aspects of development such as health, education, water, emergency responses, and rural development e.t.c. It is recognized that, effective management of NGOs is crucial if any meaningful social and economic development is to take place therefore, strategic management is identified as the key to effective management of NGOs. It is within the concepts of strategic management that development tasks are identified and implementation framework developed to guide day-to-day management of organizations in meeting its goals. What is not clear is the extent to which strategic management is practiced by the NGO. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether NGOs practice strategic management and if they do, to what extent and how and the challenges they face while doing so. The researcher's focus was Care Kenya International headquarter which engages in development activities within the region. The key objectives to the study were to assess the characteristics and nature of situational analysis systems adapted by Care Kenya International, nature of planning systems adapted by the organization, implementation and control systems adapted and lastly to what extent Care Kenya International practices strategic management. The study targeted senior managers and Care Kenya International employees. During sampling, the researcher used a stratified random sampling to which the total population was divided into sub-groups of international directors, management team and employees and then each sub-group treated like a simple random sample. The researcher used both convenience and purposive sampling techniques because Care Kenya International organization was conveniently accessible to the researcher and that the researcher perceived that the organization and the sample size selected would provide relevant information to study. Data collection involved use of secondary data such as journals, donor reports, magazines, newspapers, project plans, program plans, proposals, evaluation reports, management reports, while primary data involved use of the total population was divided into sub-groups of international directors, management team and employees and then each sub-group treated like a simple random sample. The researcher used both convenience and purposive sampling techniques because Care Kenya International organization was conveniently accessible to the researcher and that the researcher perceived that the organization and the sample size selected would provide relevant information to study. Data collection involved use of secondary data such as journals, donor reports, magazines, newspapers, project plans, program plans, proposals, evaluation reports, management reports, while primary data involved use of Questionnaires and interviews. The findings indicated that there was evidence of strategic management practices carried out from the initial stage of situational analysis, through implementation and control. However, there were major constrains realized while undertaking the strategic management process which included lack of proper involvement of employees and other stockholders in the process. In order to enhance improvement in the organization the study recommends adequate involvement of employees and stockholders in the strategic management process, organizational goals and objectives should be well understood by employees, the organization should invest heavily on training it staff for new challenges and a mechanism for monitoring both employee and project performance.
Factors Influencing the Use of Commercial Paper as a Debt Instrument in Kenya
(KeMU, 2008-01) Kinya, Salome Gituma
In many corporations, borrowing short-term money from banks is often a laborious and annoying task. The desire to avoid banks as much as possible has led to the widespread popularity of commercial paper. Usage of commercial paper among developed countries has recently been on the increase. Commercial paper issuance growth in Kenya has been unsteady since inception in 1994. This money market instrument that is considered a low cost source of financing is not growing as expected. This study therefore investigates the factors influencing the issuance of commercial paper as an instrument of debt financing in Kenya. It is through determining the various contributors to the C.P issuance that proper policies can be formulated to increase its usage. The study covered all the eight companies that had outstanding commercial papers as at the second quarter of 2006. (CMA's records as at June 2006 and annual report 2004/5). The study established that majority of companies that had outstanding commercial papers utilized the funds on working capital. This is taken to be within expectation considering that the instrument is short term financing. Most of companies in this study were for introduction of commercial paper into the secondary market for ease of transacting. Majority, Seventy five percent, of the sampled companies felt that the current CMA rules are accommodating. Among the factors that have been strongly cited by the study for the increase in commercial paper issuance are: the unexpected increase in demand of products and services that create a need for enhanced working capital, the attractive borrowing interest rates of commercial paper that are far below the commercial banks lending rates, the indirect effect of positive credit rated companies issuing CP on their stock prices, the favorable regulatory procedures and the issuers ownership status. It is important that CMA forms a forum to occasionally discuss issues pertaining to CP issuance with both the current and potential issuers so as to develop this sector of the money market.
Factors Leading To the Creation of Squatters in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya
(KeMU, 2008-05) Gachaba, Lucy M
The study sought to investigate the factors leading to the development and growth of Squatter problem in Kenya with special emphasis on Rift Valley Province. One hundred and ninety six (196) squatters were interviewed on what they thought contributed to the creation of the squatter problem in Kenya. The study made use of primary data collected using questionnaire method and secondary data from earlier researches, journals and books. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Private land tenure was found to be the primary cause of Landlessness. This begets secondary causes like wife inheritance, maternal parenting, and displacement through tribal clashes, due legal processes and willful sale without consultation by spouse. Bad land laws which emanate from the establishment of private land tenure were found to be the main cause of landlessness .The research also established that the squatter is affected in many ways .The effects include poor health, lack of social amenities, inadequate food, limited access to education, social insecurity including violence against women and lack of financial securities. These issues are in line with the country's 2030 Vision and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The study concluded that landlessness was caused by bad land laws and had a great negative impact on human resource and capital. The recommendations from the study are, that the laws and policy on land should be reviewed, that programs should be put in place to assist in alleviating the squatter problem. Further research should be carried out to separate the genuine squatters from the self-imposed squatters. The possible effects of Landlessness on the general human capital could also be investigated further.
Factors that Influence Demand for Credit among Small-Scale Investors. A Case Study of Meru Central District
(KeMU, 2008-06) Wangai, Priscilla N.
The recovery of the Kenyan economy that registered a steady growth rate of ranging between 0.5% in 2002, and 6.1 % in 2006 (CBS-GoK, 2007) reflected broad-based expansion of credit markets. This is demonstrated by the level of competition among credit lending institutions. Each institution is actively marketing their own tailor-made credit products that are targeting different needs of low income earners. However, despite the high supply of credit, MSE operators are still confining themselves to narrow market operations where competition is high and profits margins are low. The outcomes are being manifested in MSEs stagnating, retrogressing to micro status or closing up after few years of operation. Very few for instance are graduating to large enterprises. Using a sample survey data collected from Meru Central District, descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were employed to analyze factors that may influence demand for credit among the small-scale entrepreneurs. The study results show that education level of an entrepreneur, the number of dependents, and household income are significant factors that influence small-scale entrepreneurs to borrow credit from formal credit institutions. Demand for credit among women entrepreneurs in the MSE sector was found to be lower compared to their male counterparts. Based on these research findings, MSE operators can improve their participation in credit market by improving their business skills and knowledge plus maintaining proper accounting and book¬keeping systems. The .government needs to improve efficiency of DFis while at the same time facilitate participation of MSE operators in local and international trade fairs as a way to expose them to wider markets. To achieve gender balance on credit access from formal financial institutions, there is need to relax some of the cultural norms and allow women to have equal share of family assets so as to empower them in trade activities. This may call for government intervention.
An Investigation of Branding Strategies Used by Tea Packers in Kenya.A Case Study of the Registered Tea Packers in the Industry.
(KeMU, 2008-06) Njue, Lee Kimathi
There has been a global slump in prices of tea from 3.3 $ per kilo in the 1970's to the current average of 1.6$ per kilo. This represents a drop of 47% due to global over production, declining tea consumption and other tea substitutes. The question facing tea producers and marketers is whether their foray into branding of their products will assist in changing this in order to grow earnings. The objective of this study was to investigate and determine the extent to which branding strategies are pursued by the registered tea packers in Kenya and to identify the factors hindering the practice of product branding. The results of the study will benefit tea packers, academicians, consumers of tea products, and all stakeholders of the industry. This study used a descriptive research design. The Target population was the registered tea packers in Kenya. It was comprised of the brand managers of the registered tea packing companies. Since it was a census survey study no sampling was done. The data was analyzed by use of frequencies, mean scores and standard deviation to determine the levels of product branding. The data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean scores and standard deviation while output of the data analysis was presented in tables. The study revealed that that the level of product brand development and management is still very low because it is practiced at a substantial level by only 14% of the packers who are the market leaders. The other 86% have not developed sufficient capacities to carry out significant brand development and management. The response rate was 60% of those targeted, this compromised the quantity and quality of data collected hence reduced research accuracy. The study recommends that tea packers in the industry should develop further and expand their capacities for brand development and management and in effect their brand marketing strategies. This should be with a view to developing long term internationally recognized brands that can possess global brand presence in terms of presence, value and equity. The study also recommends a study be done to determine the competitive advantages arising out of product branding to tea packers in both the local and international markets.
Segmentation Practices of Furniture Manufacturing Businesses in Maua Municipality and its Environs
(KeMU, 2008-06) Rintari, Nancy Gacheri
The aim of this study was to assess the segmentation practices of furniture manufacturing business. A survey of sixty two registered furniture manufacturers was carried out in Meru north district. The general objective of this study was to find out how furniture manufacturers determine the customers for their products, their marketing practices and t they consider important. During this study, primary data was collected from Maua Municipality and its environments using structured, semi structured questionnaires and direct observation was used. Secondary data from Maua Municipal Council records were also used. The study looked at the nature of segmentation practices, variables commonly used in segmenting the market, effects of current practices on furniture manufacturing businesses and sort options on how market segmentation could be improved. Data analysis was done using Microsoft excel computer packages. Information was presentation through bar charts, percentages, tables and pie charts. This research reveal that more than half of the respondents segment their market and produced specific items for specific customers, which helps them make more profits and allocate their resources. Those who did not segment thought it was not important. The variables used were income, social class and institutions. Majority of the respondents said it was important to give the customers what they wanted. The study concluded that furniture manufacturers are aware of segmentation and marketing practices. Their main source of furniture raw materials were wholesalers and retailers who obtain timber from Nyambene Forest and its environment, which has caused destruction of the forest. The study recommends that the government through financial institutions should give the furniture manufacturers financial support since these businesses contribute greatly to Kenyan economy, reduced poverty and offer employment. Government needs to put emphasis on their training and offer financial support because furniture manufacturing creates jobs and supports the economy.
Assessment of Factors Influencing Replenishment of Donor Funds to Community Projects in Kenya, Case: International Fund for Agricultural Development
(KeMU, 2009-01) Musyoka, Beatrice Kavinya
Over the past 20 years, Kenya has benefited from about USD 122 million in Funding from IF AD, representing one of IFAD's largest country portfolios for rural poverty alleviation in Africa. The IF AD loan funds are channeled through the treasury and accounted for through Government budgetary procedures. Projects are factored in the development budget, appearing in Government's Printed Estimates. The project spends and asks for replenishment through the Ministry of Finance and the lead Ministry which is the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. However desk review of IFAD in Kenya undertaken in June 2001 drew substantive conclusions about complex financial management procedures resulting in slow replenishment of IFAD funds. (IFAD Country Strategic Opportunities Papers 2002). Slow replenishment process is one of the factors that hinder effective implementation of community projects. Since there are various internal steps which have to be followed for funds to be approved. The research was carried out with the objective of examining the factors affecting replenishment of donor funds. It was concerned with the replenishment process which involves transfer of funds from the offshore account to the project account. The study sought to identify the objectives by assessing the processing procedures, communication and information flow, capacity in terms of experience, skills, staffing and technology in use and follow-up and monitoring. The study began in chapter one with a background of IF AD, current replenishment process then the study problem, research questions, objectives and significance of the study. The methodology adapted by the survey was descriptive. The research was based on the departments involved in the replenishment of donor funds. The target population was 135 officers which included the accountants, human resource staffs and disbursement staffs in the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Central Bank of Kenya and the Project Management Unit staffs. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The study findings in chapter four indicated that the main factors affecting the replenishment process were lengthy processing procedures as indicated by the time taken for transfer of funds , lack of proper communication and information flow between the departments, lack of staffs and lack of proper follow-up and monitoring at all levels. In this regard the Government and Donors should come up with practical and effective ways of improving the flow of funds and the replenishment process in order to speed up the implementation of community projects and achieve the projects objective of improving the welfare of the rural poor.
Evaluation of the Factors that Determine the Success of Small Scale Retail Businesses:
(KeMU, 2009-01) Gatobu, Rintaugu Mugwika
ABSTRACT. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that determine the success of small-scale retail businesses within Meru Municipality. Small-scale retail businesses play a significant role in the country's economy. This sector provides goods and services and is also a driver in promoting competition and innovation; hence enhancing the enterprise culture, which is necessary for private sector development and industrialization. In this study small scale retail businesses are treated as MSE"s for purposes of this research. Many countries in the world have realized the importance of small-scale retail businesses and therefore are working to increase performance and competitiveness. This is necessary if the small - scale retail businesses can effectively respond to the challenges of creating productive and sustainable employment opportunities, promoting economic growth and poverty reduction. In Kenya, small scale retail businesses cut across all sectors of the country's economy and provide one of the most prolific sources of employment not to mention the breeding ground for medium and larger industries, which are critical industrialization today, these enterprises are found in every corner of Kenya they have great potential for creating a variety of jobs, while generating widespread economic benefits in order to enhance the capacity of small scale businesses to create durable and decent jobs, the government, in consultation with key stakeholders have reviewed a way forward for the millennium goals. It was in the light of the above that the study was designed to evaluate the factors that determine the success of small scale retail businesses. The scope of the study was limited to Meru Municipality. The location was chosen because it gave good representation of small scale retail businesses. The enterprises provided good characteristics and results of small-scale retail businesses. The research design for the study was a survey, where both qualitative and quantitative data was collected, in order to evaluate the factors that determine the success of small scale retail businesses. The population of the study was small scale businesses operating within Meru municipality. The target respondents were owners of small scale retail businesses. Random sampling method were used, which realized a sample size of 265 businesses out of the 1325 registered retail businesses ,across all sectors of the total population. Questionnaires were the main data collection tool. Secondary data was from Meru municipal Council records. Analysis of the data used multiple regressions to check the relationship between the independent variables i.e. financial resources, external business environment, education, experience of entrepreneurs and dependent variable i.e. business profits. It was established that most of the retail businesses in Meru Municipality are Some of the major challenges these businesses face include lack of business skills, unfavorable governments polices and dynamic consumer behavior. Among the recommendations that the government should initiate are incentives to encourage the retail traders to train in basic business management skills, as this be achieved by liaising with prospects.
An Analysis of The Social-Economic Characteristics of Micro-Finance Clients. A Case Study of Bimas Clients in Embu Districts
(KeMU, 2009-01) Waithaka, Maina Simon
The purpose of this study was to come up with a profile of the salient socio-economic characteristic of people who seek MFis' services. Specifically, the study was to shed light on their poverty status, the type of economic activities they engage in and their demographic characteristics. The research focused on clients of BIMAS operating within the five divisions of Embu district. A target population of one thousand, one hundred and fifty six (1156) formed the sampling frame from which a sample of sixty (60) who had been in the programme for not more than six months was taken. A questionnaire, personal interviews, and observation were utilized to collect primary data from the respondents. Secondary data was gathered from the BIMAS office and other researches. The data was analyzed using the statistics package of social sciences (SPSS) The research findings gave a general profile of the clients reached by MFis. The MFI clients are mainly male in the 26-40 age brackets that live in households of between 4 and 6 members which are predominantly male headed. A high proportion of the clients are married and do not suffer from any physical disability. Slightly over half of the clients have attained secondary school education and most have attended other training
Analysis of Factors that Affect Employee Training in Local Authorities
(KeMU, 2009-02) Lydia, Nkirote Mwiti
ABSTRACT This research project aimed at analysis of factors that affect employee training in Local authorities. It was a case study that involved employees of all cadres in Meru Municipal Council. The research project was developed after observation that employees in Local authorities were not adequately equipped with skills, abilities and knowledge for effective service delivery. Assessing the present situation of Local authorities in terms of service delivery, it is obvious that urgent steps are required to upgrade employee skills in order to improve performance is critical. The Local authorities have over the years not responded to this urgent need to improve the quality of their workforce. The local authorities have over the years not responded to this urgent need to improve the quality of their workforce .The research intended to analyse the factors and offer appropriate recommendation. Descriptive research design was employed, which involves an indepth analysis of the factors. Questionnaires were distributed to all employees of the sampled group. Data was then analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS). Data was analysed to establish the factors that affect employee training. From the study it was established that several factors are responsible for the state of training in LAs which include, the quality of the workforce, poor Human Resource Practices, Low budgetary allocations to training and employee attitude to training.The respondents expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs which they said offered them no room for personal growth, skill advancement, and career development. Employees are not guided on matters concerning future plans for personal development and training, promotion and upward mobility prospects. From the above it is clear that HRM practices are professionally employed in LAs. There is need for a strategy for systematic HRD programmes especially in the area of training, recruitment, and retention of employees. This will promote the need for annual budgetary Provision to support HRM activities especially training. A deliberate effort is required to reinstate the funding for LAs training programmes which according to this research have dwindled to almost zero over the years. The findings and recommendations of this study will significantly contribute to advancement of service delivery in LAs through improved performance of employees after effective training. Fundamentally, the research findings have availed information key towards implementation of Kenya's Economic Blueprint Vision 2030 and accomplishment e Millennium development goals by 2012.
The Management Concerns Affecting Implementation of Performance Appraisal System in Government Departments in Kenya
(KeMU, 2009-04) Mbae, Franklin Njue
ABSTRACT Its is a known fact that the Kenyan economy was growing at rate of less than 1 % before December 2002, due to declining efficiency, effectiveness and productivity in delivery of service by the public sector. It's for this reason, the NARC government introduced several strategies to revive the economy among them poverty eradication strategy 2002 to 2003, economic recovery strategy (ERS) which contributed to the economic growth of almost 7% in 2007. This growth rate has been attributed to the government commitment to create a culture of performance oriented attitude among the public sector through performance contracting strategy leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness. The performance contracting is evaluated through performance appraisal system and it is against this background that this research report on the findings of evaluation of the strategic management concerns affecting the implementation of performance appraisal system at district level by the civil servants. The report is on research conducted in Tigania District targeting the twenty five heads of departments and three employees from each of the twenty five ministries in the district. The study used descriptive research design; in particular survey research was used where a total of eighty nine respondents participated. The researcher used probability sampling method where random sampling was used to get the three employees who participate from each ministry. In addition, purposive method was used to sample the twenty five heads of the department because of their strategic role they play in evaluation of employees under them and therefore determining the success of performance appraisal system. The research used questionnaires to collect data from the sampled population; the data was then summarized into frequency tables, and finally analyzed using descriptive analysis, regression and non-parametric correlations. The research found out that the structure, culture personal skills reward system and proper change management variables positively influences performance appraisal system implementation This research recommends that the government should come up with policies that will emphasize continuous training of its workers and a scheme of service that encourage creativity, career growth and a reward system that is satisfactory to performing employees.
Impact of Performance Contracting in Public Service Delivery
(KeMU, 2009-04) Kenneth, Ndungi Nduati
ABSTRACT Public sector reforms have become the norm in the present world. This has been necessitated the poor performance of the state enterprises that have become a burden both financially and administratively. Tax payers have come out openly demanding the value for their money i.e. efficient, effective and ethical delivery of service to the citizens. In Kenya, these public sector reforms have been• embraced partly through signing of performance contracts. This research project looks at the impact of such performance contracts in the National Registration Bureau. The department charged with registering Kenyans of 18years and above in the former Meru Central District. It tries to find out whether "Not Previously Registered" figures increase with the signing of performance contracts. Not Previously Registered refers to Kenyans acquiring identity cards for the first time. It is also aimed at finding out whether there are other variables that the government can tap to enhance the "Not Previously Registered" figures. These independent variables include financial resources and events taking place like elections and referendums. The project encountered its own limitation when some data could not be found in the initially designed offices. This was overcome by consulting the National Registration Bureau Headquarters Nairobi, at an extra cost of time and money. The officers at the National Bureau Headquarters were hesitant to give the data until when permission was granted by the director. Justification of the project is outlined as well as the objective. The project encompasses both theoretical and empirical literature review, showing what other writers views on performance contracts are. Using secondary data from the North Imenti District Registrar's office, covering the period 1999 - 2008, and analyzing it using descriptive statistics, the research was able to identify the periods with high and low "Not Previously Registered" figures. During this period, Kenya has had 2 general elections and a referendum in 2005 factors that affect the performance of the department. It is during the later years of this period that the National Registration Bureau embraced use of performance contracts and this paper tried to establish if the 'NPR' figures go up with the signing of the PCs, thus better Public Service Delivery. The project sampled 49068 cases from a population of 135292 cases. Data presentation and analysis was done using bar graphs and percentages.
Evaluation of Response Strategies of the Ministry of Lands in Land Adjudication
(KeMU, 2009-04) Kamau, James Gathogo
In adjudication programmes in Kenya a total of 1,559,479 titles covering 8.01 million hectares have been realized, while under settlement programmes a total of 445 settlement schemes exists countrywide covering 1.02 million hectares on which 179,300 families are settled. However, even with this impressive performance, the Ministry of Lands is bogged down with numerous challenges in fulfilling its land adjudication targets and this is the reason that has prompted this study to establish why after 44 years of independence the issue of land rights ascertainment has not been finalized in the larger Meru Central District The main objective of the study is to evaluate various strategies that the department of land adjudication and settlement has implemented to achieve its target in the larger Meru Central District. The research findings are that the Ministry of Lands is negatively affected by under-staffing, limited resources at its disposal for Service Delivery, weak non-responsive organization structure that does not allow switching of staff among the departments. The study strongly supports the entire null hypothesis on organization structure, financial resources and staffing.
Factors Influencing Change Management Practices in Coffee Cooperative Unions in Kenya
(KeMU, 2009-05) Jonathan, Festus Muriuki
Change management is a common management approach in business organization, the concept has not been fully adopted and practiced in coffee farmer's cooperative unions particularly those whose membership is the primary coffee societies. This study focused on the analysis of factors that influence change management practices in coffee cooperative unions in Kenya. The objective of this research was to assess the factors that influenced the process of change in coffee farmers' cooperative unions. The idea was to investigate specifically how change management was being translated in the management of unions' cooperative based development activities. Thus the study was addressing the factors influencing change practices such as, organization structure, leadership capacity, technology and communication. The researcher used a descriptive research design. The design helped to answer the questions such as how, what, when, and where. Thus the design was suitable to answer the questions concerning the current status of change management practices in coffee cooperative unions. The research focused on Meru central coffee cooperative union limited (MCCCU ltd) which has eighty (80) employees consisting of management and subordinate staff. Meru central coffee cooperative union was used as a representative union for all other unions in Kenya because they all assume same values such as self-help, self -¬responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity, as well as ethical values, honesty, openness, social reasonability and caring for others. These values underlie the principles for cooperatives, which are seen as essential to the cooperative spirit in all cooperative unions: Voluntary and open membership, Democratic member control, Member economic participation, Autonomy and independence, Education, training and information, Co-operation among cooperatives and Concern for the community. The study sample was selected from the target population using stratified random sampling method. Simple random sampling was used to take a sample in each group or strata. The study used self-administered questionnaire to collect data. The researcher used drop and pick method to administer the questionnaires. The data was processed and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics such as means of occurrences or central tendencies were used for analysis. A Logit model was used to analyze the data and Omnibus (Chi-square) was used to test the significance of the model coefficients. At-test was carried out to establish the significance of the variables and a logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results were presented in summary reports, and tables based on those tests and analysis of research dimensions. Research findings were used to conclude on hypotheses where the null hypotheses were rejected and alternative hypotheses accepted at 0.1(10%) level of significance, and recommendations were given concerning those factors that influence change management practices.
Role of Micro-Finance In Economic Empowerment of Women. A Study of Micro-Finance Institutions in North Imenti District
(KeMU, 2009-05) Muhura, W. Jane
The study intended to examine the role of microfinance in economic empowerment of women. The major aim of microfinance institutions is to provide financial services to the poor and marginalized members of the community like women. Women produce 80% of food consumed in Sub-Saharan Africa, 50-60% of all staples in Asia, and generate 30% of all food consumed in Latin America [Saito 1994].There's a growing recognition internationally that gender equality is good for economic growth and essential for poverty reduction [Ellis 2004]. Women in Kenya are poorer than men, with 54% of rural and 63% of urban women and girls living below the poverty line [Government of Kenya 1997]. Women in Kenya are also "time-poor" because of their dual roles in the household economy and the labour market. On average, women work longer hours [12.9 hours] compared with those of men (8.2 hours], yet they earn less because more of these hours are not remunerated [Saito, Mekonnen, and Spurling 1994] However, women remam disadvantaged, especially in the poorest countries. Their opportunities for educational, social, and economic advancement are usually markedly inferior to those of men. They often face barriers in gaining access to good education and health care for both economic and cultural reasons like early forced marriages. Micro:finance came into being with an aim of providing high quality financial services to the Kenyan public particularly the poor and to maintain high moral and financial standards in the Microfinance sector. According to Microfinance Directory [2007], Association of micro finance Institutions [ AMFI] was registered in 1999, and is currently composed of a total clientele of over 2 million clients and an outstanding loan portfolio of Ksh. 20 billion. Sisdo, Bimas, K-Rep, and Kenya Women Finance Trust [K.W.F.T] are among the 33 MFis and have branches in North Imenti District where the study was carried. I choose them because they are registered as required by law.
An Analysis of Staff Utilization
(KeMU, 2009-05) Ntongai, David
ABSTRACT Staffing is a critical function of management and the most crucial aspect of manpower planning. The staffing function consists of three related activities: recruitment, selection and outplacement. Staffing is also very important in strategy implementation of any firm. The main purpose of this study was to analyze staff utilization on strategy implementation of Samaritan's Purse MET Program in Meru North District. Other specific objectives included. To determine the staffing levels with strategy requirements, to determine the factors considered when allocating each member staff the workload, to identify the challenges faced by the Samaritan's purse employees when performing their duties and give recommendations based on the findings. A descriptive survey method was used to conduct this study. The survey method was applied for; it is used to gather data from a large population at a particular point in time in a highly economical way with an intention of describing the nature of the existing situations. The target population was all the 30 employees of Samaritans purse who are the implementers and the 150 chairpersons of the MET groups. A simple random sampling technique was used to identify the respondents. A sample of 90 persons was selected. The main data collection tool that was used in this study was questionnaires. Data analysis was done by mainly descriptive statistics. The analysis outputs are presented in terms of pie charts, graphs frequency tables, and percentages. The study is expected to help Samaritan's purse MET Program recruit, develop and deploy talent required to meet changing MET programme issues. The study will also raise the fight of HIV/ AIDS in Meru North District because the staffing issues will be addressed in a better way. Results from the study indicate that SP MET had competent staff members and majority of the staff (53.3%) were community mobilizers reaching out to as many people as possible. 66.7% of the staff members rated their staffing Ievels to he adeouate and maioritv (66.7%) of the staff members agreed that their staffing levels were in line with their strategy. The main challenge experienced when training was absconding (73.3%) trainings by the trainees. Other challenges included inadequate time (20%) and lack of follow up programs (6.7%) which was regarded as the least. Majority (80.0%) of the SP staff are utilized to the required level. Comparing the level of education and the number or CVBTs and number of youth educators, one way ANOVA results reveal that there was no significant relationship between level of education and number of CVBTs. However there was a significant relationship between level of education among chairpersons and number of youth reached. In conclusion, the study indicates that there is a strong relationship between competence and strategy implementation (number of youth educators trained). Therefore a balanced focus in manpower planning in terms of quality and quantity of employees is vital for the success of the project. The researcher recommends that there is a need to increase both trainers and community mobilisers because the ones already there, have been over utilized.
Factors Influencing Members Withdrawal from the SACCO: A Case of Tharaka Nithi Teachers SACCO Society Ltd
(KeMU, 2009-07) Njagi, Gabriel Matumo
While Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (saccos) are an autonomous associations of persons untied voluntarily to meet their economic and social needs, their survival has been threatened by competition from mainstream commercial banks. Saccos are affected by high loan delinquencies and poor management in spite of having mobilized reasonable amount of funds due to lack of regulatory framework to guide their operations. Recent concern has been that members withdraw from the saccos due to high loan demand. How to cope with the members withdrawal from the sacco is the focus of this paper, especially after acquiring credit facility from the commercial banks. The research has been descriptive in nature and involves revealing of the main challenges being faced by saccos. The research has used questionnaires and interview schedules. The population for this study is 4000 sacco member, 250 teachers who have left the society and 14 members of staff It was found that members go for bank loans because banks advance big amount of loans than saccos. The high interest rates offered by banks did not deter members' move to banks for loaning. The study concludes that saccos face stiff competition in their business operations. Commercial banks have strong capital base, thus buying sacco members loans. This weakens the sacco operations affecting their performance.
Factors Influencing Women Advancement to Managerial Positions in Kenya.A Case Study of Former Meru District Public Service Officers
(KeMU, 2010-04) Karimi, Kanampiu Margaret
This study focused on the factors that influence women advancement to managerial positions in Kenya. The objective of this research was to determine the factors that hinder the process of women advancement to top managerial levels. Thus the study addressed variables such as, education, social-cultural practices, family obligations, and enabling environment. The research design used was a descriptive research design. The design helped to answer the questions such as how, what, when, and where. Thus the design was suitable to answer the questions concerning the current status of women in career advancement. The research focused on former Meru District public civil servants sector which had two hundred eighty two (252) officers consisting of management and working staff. Former Meru district was used as a representative district for all other districts in Kenya because they all assume same values, working policies, code of ethics and regulations and administrative requirements which are essential to the ministerial places The researcher used stratified random sampling to select a sample of 56(five six) respondents and interviewed them using self-administered questionnaire to collect data. The researcher used drop and pick method to administer the questionnaires. The data was processed and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics such as means of occurrences or central tendencies was used for analysis. A logit regression model was used to analyze the data. The results were presented in summary reports, and tables based on those tests and analysis of research dimensions. Research findings were used to conclude on hypotheses and recommendations given concerning hose factors that hinder women advancement to managerial positions in public sector. The findings indicated that women are affected in their advancement to managerial positions by social-cultural factors, professional / career development, enabling environment and family obligation significantly, thus the researcher recommends that these factors should be addressed effectively if women are going to break through the glass-ceiling. The research was conducted in an ethical manner so as to build, uphold trust and cooperation that was aimed at generating valid and reliable study results.
Investigation of Factors Affecting Implementation of Balanced Scorecard
(KeMU, 2010-04) Peter, Wandurua Kariuki
ABSTRACT Balanced Scorecard has turned out to be the custom m the current world. This has been necessitated by poor performance of the enterprises both private and public and therefore becoming load both financially and administratively. Tax payers have come out honestly demanding the value for their money i.e. efficient, effective and ethical delivery of service to the citizens. Also due to high competitions experienced, there is need for the organizations to manage their performance and let individual performance to be accountable. In Kenyan banks, reforms have been embraced partly through signing of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management. It has not been easy to implement this tool; therefore this research paper focused on the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management in Kenyan banks, with a special focus on selected commercial banks in Meru town. It tried to find out whether the process of implementation is not followed and whether there are other variables which the banks needs to check in order to have smooth implementation. These independent variables include lack of clear job descriptions, lack of top management commitment, lack of baseline data, organizational culture, poor communication, immeasurable targets among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework as a guide. There is also dependent variable which is implementation of Balanced scorecard. This research employed both descriptive research design and causal comparative design which answered the question; 'what are the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard?' target population was commercial banks in Meru town. A stratified random sampling was employed to ensure that there is equal representation in all the banks. Primary data was used and collected using questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression with an aid of statistics Program for social sciences (SPSS). The data is presented through frequencies and percentages that give information to users and easier interpretation to non users. A population of 105 respondents was considered. Probability sampling was used to identify the sample size. The result of this research will help to improve implementation of Balanced Scorecard. The policy makers who are the management will use the information when deciding on policies geared toward implementation of this tool. Due to many limitations encountered in gathering some data, this was overcome by consulting the officers of Central Bank, at an extra cost of time and money. There was also hesitant in giving the data until permission granted by Directors/Managers from the head offices. Justifications of the project are outlined as well as the objectives. This paper encompasses both theoritical and empirical literature review, showing what others views Balanced Scorecard. The study found that top management commitment, baseline data, supervision, communication, among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework were very significant to the majority of the banks surveyed, but job descriptions was found not to be significant to the implementation of balanced scorecard in Kenyan banks. A simple regression analysis ascertained that those factors are significant to the implementation of the balanced scorecard. The study recommends that any employer who wants to introduce Balanced Scorecard for his employees should ensure that other factors which may hinder Balanced Scorecard implementation are addressed. These include both financial and other related working tools which should be availed in time. Working environment must also be addressed for better results and targets set between the employer and the employee must be SMART and negotiated. A solid legal framework, setting out the basic premises and the status of the Balanced Scorecard should established. This avoids adhoc and fragmented solutions and the eventual court cases. Management must respect the operational autonomy of the contracted departments. This calls for interference being kept out of performance. Organizational structure is supposed change to match with scorecard. The contract management should be carried out before a Balanced Scorecard is implemented. Degree of tolerance in the early years of Balanced Scorecard is necessary as mistakes are likely made but what is critical is drawing lessons for innovations and creativity for future perfomance. ABSTRACT Balanced Scorecard has turned out to be the custom m the current world. This has been necessitated by poor performance of the enterprises both private and public and therefore becoming load both financially and administratively. Tax payers have come out honestly demanding the value for their money i.e. efficient, effective and ethical delivery of service to the citizens. Also due to high competitions experienced, there is need for the organizations to manage their performance and let individual performance to be accountable. In Kenyan banks, reforms have been embraced partly through signing of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management. It has not been easy to implement this tool; therefore this research paper focused on the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management in Kenyan banks, with a special focus on selected commercial banks in Meru town. It tried to find out whether the process of implementation is not followed and whether there are other variables which the banks needs to check in order to have smooth implementation. These independent variables include lack of clear job descriptions, lack of top management commitment, lack of baseline data, organizational culture, poor communication, immeasurable targets among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework as a guide. There is also dependent variable which is implementation of Balanced scorecard. This research employed both descriptive research design and causal comparative design which answered the question; 'what are the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard?' target population was commercial banks in Meru town. A stratified random sampling was employed to ensure that there is equal representation in all the banks. Primary data was used and collected using questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression with an aid of statistics Program for social sciences (SPSS). The data is presented through frequencies and percentages that give information to users and easier interpretation to non users. A population of 105 respondents was considered. Probability sampling was used to identify the sample size. The result of this research will help to improve implementation of Balanced Scorecard. The policy makers who are the management will use the information when deciding on policies geared toward implementation of this tool. Due to many limitations encountered in gathering some data, this was overcome by consulting the officers of Central Bank, at an extra cost of time and money. There was also hesitant in giving the data until permission granted by Directors/Managers from the head offices. Justifications of the project are outlined as well as the objectives. This paper encompasses both theoritical and empirical literature review, showing what others views Balanced Scorecard. The study found that top management commitment, baseline data, supervision, communication, among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework were very significant to the majority of the banks surveyed, but job descriptions was found not to be significant to the implementation of balanced scorecard in Kenyan banks. A simple regression analysis ascertained that those factors are significant to the implementation of the balanced scorecard. The study recommends that any employer who wants to introduce Balanced Scorecard for his employees should ensure that other factors which may hinder Balanced Scorecard implementation are addressed. These include both financial and other related working tools which should be availed in time. Working environment must also be addressed for better results and targets set between the employer and the employee must be SMART and negotiated. A solid legal framework, setting out the basic premises and the status of the Balanced Scorecard should established. This avoids adhoc and fragmented solutions and the eventual court cases. Management must respect the operational autonomy of the contracted departments. This calls for interference being kept out of performance. Organizational structure is supposed change to match with scorecard. The contract management should be carried out before a Balanced Scorecard is implemented. Degree of tolerance in the early years of Balanced Scorecard is necessary as mistakes are likely made but what is critical is drawing lessons for innovations and creativity for future perfomance. ABSTRACT Balanced Scorecard has turned out to be the custom m the current world. This has been necessitated by poor performance of the enterprises both private and public and therefore becoming load both financially and administratively. Tax payers have come out honestly demanding the value for their money i.e. efficient, effective and ethical delivery of service to the citizens. Also due to high competitions experienced, there is need for the organizations to manage their performance and let individual performance to be accountable. In Kenyan banks, reforms have been embraced partly through signing of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management. It has not been easy to implement this tool; therefore this research paper focused on the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard as a tool of performance management in Kenyan banks, with a special focus on selected commercial banks in Meru town. It tried to find out whether the process of implementation is not followed and whether there are other variables which the banks needs to check in order to have smooth implementation. These independent variables include lack of clear job descriptions, lack of top management commitment, lack of baseline data, organizational culture, poor communication, immeasurable targets among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework as a guide. There is also dependent variable which is implementation of Balanced scorecard. This research employed both descriptive research design and causal comparative design which answered the question; 'what are the factors affecting implementation of Balanced Scorecard?' target population was commercial banks in Meru town. A stratified random sampling was employed to ensure that there is equal representation in all the banks. Primary data was used and collected using questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression with an aid of statistics Program for social sciences (SPSS). The data is presented through frequencies and percentages that give information to users and easier interpretation to non users. A population of 105 respondents was considered. Probability sampling was used to identify the sample size. The result of this research will help to improve implementation of Balanced Scorecard. The policy makers who are the management will use the information when deciding on policies geared toward implementation of this tool. Due to many limitations encountered in gathering some data, this was overcome by consulting the officers of Central Bank, at an extra cost of time and money. There was also hesitant in giving the data until permission granted by Directors/Managers from the head offices. Justifications of the project are outlined as well as the objectives. This paper encompasses both theoritical and empirical literature review, showing what others views Balanced Scorecard. The study found that top management commitment, baseline data, supervision, communication, among other variable outlined in the conceptual framework were very significant to the majority of the banks surveyed, but job descriptions was found not to be significant to the implementation of balanced scorecard in Kenyan banks. A simple regression analysis ascertained that those factors are significant to the implementation of the balanced scorecard. The study recommends that any employer who wants to introduce Balanced Scorecard for his employees should ensure that other factors which may hinder Balanced Scorecard implementation are addressed. These include both financial and other related working tools which should be availed in time. Working environment must also be addressed for better results and targets set between the employer and the employee must be SMART and negotiated. A solid legal framework, setting out the basic premises and the status of the Balanced Scorecard should established. This avoids adhoc and fragmented solutions and the eventual court cases. Management must respect the operational autonomy of the contracted departments. This calls for interference being kept out of performance. Organizational structure is supposed change to match with scorecard. The contract management should be carried out before a Balanced Scorecard is implemented. Degree of tolerance in the early years of Balanced Scorecard is necessary as mistakes are likely made but what is critical is drawing lessons for innovations and creativity for future perfomance.
Creation of Wealth and Employment Opportunities through Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Wetlands
(KeMU, 2010-04) Atanasio, Kithure Francis
Generally wetlands have untapped potential which the society can tap to create wealth employment opportunities. Tapping these potentials requires collaboration of key players in wetland management who should work together in initiating enterprises and ventures which can create job opportunities. The study intended to elucidate the potential and economic opportunities found within Mbututia wetlands in Tigania west district with a view to analyze the said potential and it should be used to create wealth and job opportunities. During the said period of past and existing initiatives by community and stakeholders was analyzed through analyses of related literature on studies done in Meru and elsewhere with a view of trying to understand the values and potential of this wetland and trying to identify gaps in studies. Inputs (activities/contributions) from key players in wetlands management who are the community, the stakeholders and the donors formed independent variables of the study while output(wealth and job opportunities)arising from these inputs formed dependent variable. The researcher used hypothesis to test the relationship between these variables. Population of 203(registered members of CBOs of Mbututia wetland, formed the population of the study. A sample of 40 respondents was picked randomly which is equivalent to 20% of total population and was used as sample during the study. Descriptive research design was used where the researcher visited the population of interest in selected wetland to collect data. Simple random sampling design was used to le the population. This design was found appropriate because it enabled the researcher to get required and valuable information. The study used questionnaires as the main instrument in getting the information and collecting data from respondents. Both open and closed ended questions were used. This led the researcher to get enough information from respondents. The researcher used statistical package for social science (SPSS) to do the analyses and test. Descriptive statistics like mean, mode and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. Chi-square test was used to test hypothesis and particularly to find relationship between the variables under study. The presentations were made in form tables, pie charts and graphs. The study found out that there are several projects by CBO members on Mbututia westland and concluded that communities living within wetland areas can generate income create job opportunities through various economic activities on wetlands. The researcher also recommended that further study be carried out to establish values, potential and opportunities within wetlands in fighting poverty in our society.