Master of Science in Agriculture and Rural Development

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Comparison of Tithonia Green Manure (Tithonia Diversifolia) ,Poultry Manure and Inorganic Nitrogenous Fertilizers as a Source of Nitrogen in Growing of Kales (Brassicae Oleracea) in Nyeri Municipality (Nyeri District).
(KeMU, 2010-06) Muchiri, Peter Mwangi
The research was conducted to compare the influence of tithonia diversifolia green manure, poultry manure, calcium ammonium nitrate ammonium sulphate nitrate and urea as a source of nitrogen in growing kales (Brassica oleracea) in Nyeri Municipality, Nyeri district. It was carried at Wambugu Farmers' Training Centre and at Kagumo Teachers' Training College, located in Nyeri municipality and separated by a distance of five kilometers. The treatments were solely applied in two levels of 30 kgs N/ha and 60 kgs of N/ha. Except for tithonia green manure, all the other treatments were administered at the time of transplanting. The experiment was a completely Randomized Block design with five treatments in two levels replicated three times. Individual plots measured (4x3) meters at interplant and inter row spacing of 60 cms and 60 cms respectively. The inter-plot spacing was 50 cms and inter-block spacing was 100 cms .The fresh weight of kales was compared for all the treatments as well as the control. The data collected was subjected to F-test using SPSS proprietary software (version 12.0).Treatment means found to be significantly different from each other were separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test at (a<0.05).Results showed that tithonia applied at 60 kgs of N/ha produced the highest fresh weight of kales followed by CAN at similar rates. The difference was significant ( a<0.05) and higher by an average of 7.65 % from the two experimental sites. Nevertheless, it was not easily available during the traditional planting season in the region. Further research is needed to explore the possibility of drying and grinding tithonia green manure to produce foliar spray or organic solid fertilizer .This would solve the relatively high labor requirements required for biomass transfer.
The Contaminating Effects of Coffee Processing Honey Water, Case of Othaya Coffee Society, Nyeri County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2024-09) Mutua, Paul Mbua
The release of untreated honey water from green coffee processing poses a significant threat to surface water contamination, directly impacting the livelihoods of downstream communities. This study aimed to evaluate the contaminating effects of honey water emissions from coffee processing on surface waters. Specifically, the study sought to determine the levels of contaminants in honey water from coffee processing, assess the degree of pollution caused by these emissions, and examine the socio-economic impacts on affected populations. A mixed-methods research design was employed for this study. The research site was divided into experimental units, with four blocks (I–IV) and three treatments (K–M) per block, each containing three sub-samples (1–3). To minimize variability across tests from the same target area, the study employed a total squares randomized design with four combined replicates to create a test turnover table, which was used to determine variability between test objectives (p < 0.05). The study collected a total of sixteen samples: twelve surface water samples from upstream, midstream, and downstream locations, and four untreated honey water samples from coffee processing lagoons. The physicochemical properties of these samples were thoroughly analyzed. In addition, the study incorporated qualitative data through open and closed-ended questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses from 79 members of the Othaya Coffee Society Management and 30 nearby households, focusing on their perceptions of the contaminating effects of honey water on surface waters. The findings revealed that coffee processing operations by the Othaya Coffee Society had detrimental effects on the local communities by polluting nearby surface waters with untreated coffee waste. The physicochemical analysis indicated that the water sources had elevated acidity, high organic matter content, increased chemical oxygen demand, and elevated concentrations of nutrients (nitrates, phosphates), as well as suspended solids—all of which contributed to deteriorating water quality. The analysis further confirmed that the effluents discharged by the wet coffee processing industry did not meet the World Health Organization's standards for treated effluent released into surface waters. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the Othaya Coffee Society and other coffee industries in the region implement proper wastewater treatment facilities to ensure that only treated effluent is discharged into water bodies. Furthermore, continuous enforcement of wastewater discharge regulations by authorities such as the National Environmental Management Authority is essential. The study also called for further research to examine the effects of coffee pulp on water contamination and to evaluate the role of urban planning policies in managing industrial wastewater in areas like Othaya town.
Control of Potato Tuber Moth (Phthorimaea Operculella) Using Integrated Pest Management in Kenya.
(KeMU, 2011-07) Karanja, Mary Wangari
Potato tuber moth is the most important pest of Irish potatoes in the world. The most economically important damage occurs predominantly through the PTM larvae's feeding on the tuber. The larvae excavate tunnels throughout the potato tuber, often leaving mounds of fross near the tunnel entrances. The research was initiated with the aim of finding varieties that can be tolerant to PTM. Experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates, and randomized complete block design with three replicates in split arrangement. At 112 days after emergence plant height, number of tubers, biomass, and harvest index, was measured. Results indicated that Kenya Karibu (116.5) was the variety with the highest plant height, while Asante had the lowest (80. 75), Komesha had the highest number of tubers (29.75), Kenya Mavuno had the highest biomass (1.493), and the least was Dutch Robjyn (0.892). The highest harvest index was in Dutch Robjyn (0.83) Kenya Karibu had the lowest (0.575). At 160 days, measurements on; the weight of infested tubers, results showed that the most susceptible variety was Kenya Mavuno. Zangi, a farmer preferred variety is the most tolerant to PTM. In terms of earthing up to control PTM it was evident from the results that earthing up reduced the PTM incidences and also improved the marketable yields and hence economical returns to the farmers. There were significant differences among the varieties in terms of marketable weight. The second earthing up significantly reduced the unmarketable tubers, green tubers, rotten tubers, and increased the total number of tubers per variety. The third earthing up had the highest number of ware potato tubers; Earthing up was found to reduce the incidences of rotting, improving on the incidences of PTM.
Effect of Commercial Feeds on the Performance of Different Ecotypes of Indigenous Chicken
(KeMU, 2016-06) Murage, Josephine Njeri
The experiment was conducted to determine whether plumage colour has any genetic advantage on indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) growth rate. Over 70% of indigenous chicken are reared on free-range. Farmers spend very little on feeding, housing and health care leading to high mortality and low growth rate. There is also very little information on the performance of the different indigenous chicken’s ecotypes. The general objective was to determine whether plumage colour has any genetic advantage on indigenous chicken growth rate. The specific objective was to compare the growth rate of different indigenous chicken ecotypes when fed on commercial feeds. The experiment was conducted on Mary Mathenge’s farm in Kirinyaga County. Forty eight KIC day old chicks (DOC) were obtained from KARI Naivasha hatchery. The chicks were black, brown and white ecotypes based on their plumage colour. Sixteen female chicks of each ecotype were used. The experiment was carried out in 3 treatments whereby birds were given 90 g ( FI), 100 g (F2) and 110 g ( F3) of feed and was replicated 3 times. Nine raised floor cages were used. Four birds of the same ecotype were randomly distributed in each cage. Twelve birds, four of each ecotype were left on free-range. Birds’ weight was taken weekly. The results show that weight gain was similar for the 3 ecotypes. There were some significance difference between the birds means weight gain on the different weeks. Birds mean weight gain was highest on the 17th week relative to the other weeks. Their weight gain on the following week was relatively lower than on the 17th week and kept on reducing to the 24th week. On the 24th week they had the lowest weight gain relative to the other weeks. The birds mean weight gains were in the following homogeneous subsets. Week 17th and 19th had the highest had the highest mean weight gain followed by week 18th, 19th and 20th. This was followed by week 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd. The last homogeneous subset was week 20th, 21st, 22nd23rd and 24th which had the lowest weight gain. There was no significance difference between the means of the different homogeneous subjects. The 3 ecotypes had similar feed intake and feed conservation rates. It can be concluded that indigenous birds’ of different ecotype based on plumage colour have similar weight gain when fed on commercial feeds. There are some significance differences between the mean weight gains of birds on the different weeks. Birds have a higher weight gain at early growth stage than at late growth stage. The different ecotypes have similar feed intake and feed conversion rate during the 17th and 24th week period. From the study we can recommend that any indigenous chicken ecotype based on plumage colour can achieve a high growth rate when fed commercial feeds. Indigenous birds should be fed commercial feeds during the early growth stage. Birds have a higher growth rate during this time than at late growth stage.
Effect of Defoliation and Spacing on the Leaf and Grain Yields of Grain Amaranth
(KeMU, 2011-05) Gesora, Vincent Morara
Grain amaranth is an emerging crop which is highly nutritious, drought tolerant vegetable which can be promoted in ASAL areas as it can do well with as little rainfall as 200mm.The crop is being promoted in Turkana County but the effects of different row spacing and defoliation intervals on yields in the region are not known. Because the leaf and seed are both consumed, the study therefore sought to establish the effect of spacing and defoliation on the rate of growth, leaf yield, and grain yields of the crop. Due to its high nutritional value the crop is able to address the malnutritional problems which are rampant in the county. The county relies on animals for protein source which is very expensive hence the need to promote the crop to subsidize the protein source. Different intervals of defoliation of 0, 7, 10 and 14 days, at a fixed 50% defoliation level and row spacing of 60cm, 75cm, and 90cm by drill were used. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized block design (CRBD) to establish their effects on the growth rate, leaf and grain yields. The within line spacing was thinned to 20cm, I4days after sowing. Data collected was subjected to SPSS, ANOVA (to determine if there were any mean differences) and post hoc tests (to determine if the differences were significant). Results indicated that, the closer the spacing (60cm), other factors held constant gave highest leaf and grain yield. The longest defoliation interval of 14 days gave the highest total leaf yield while the no defoliation treatment gave the highest amount of grain. The best combinations from the experiment were 60cm spacing with 14 day defoliation interval for highest leaf yield while 60cm spacing with no defoliation treatment yielded the highest amount of grain.
Effect of Defoliation on the Grain Yield of Hybrid Maize in the Kenyan Midlands
(KeMU, 2010) Marangu, Collin Micheni
Maize is an important agricultural commodity in the Kenyan midland grown by about 70% of farmers as food crop. Majority of these are small scale holders practicing mixed farming i.e. crop and livestock production as a major source of income. These areas experience fodder shortage due to diminishing land size as a result of increased population. The purpose of this study therefore was to (i) Quantify the impact of defoliation on the final grain yield of hybrid maize and (ii) Quantify the amount of forage obtained at various levels of defoliation done after anthesis. (iii) To assess the best method of defoliating the maize crop after anthesis. The levels of treatment were removal of 25%, 50% and 75% of leaves of the hybrid maize removed from the bottom. There were two sampling schemes of defoliation and each was replicated four times (treatments). In the sampling scheme I defoliation was done once at anthesis, where by 25%, 50% and 75% of the total leaves were removed. In sampling scheme II defoliation was done in stages at interval of two weeks after anthesis, the defoliation rate was 25% of the total leaves. The main study findings revealed that increasing leaf defoliation decreases grain yields while increasing the quantity of fodder from the maize plants. When defoliation is done in phases at 25% intervals then yields are reduced but not greatly reduced as compared to when done at once. Striking a balance between maximizing fodders without compromising the grain yields is a desirable phenomenon of subsistence farming in midlands. This study therefore concluded that 50% defoliation to be done in phases on the other hand it recommends that 75% and above defoliation should not be done on maize crops because this treatment reduces the grain yield significantly.
Effect of Di-Ammonium Phosphate Application on the Yield Components of Three Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam) Varieties in Homabay District.
(KeMU, 2011-07) Ocharo, Julius Oteki
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is a drought tolerant root crop consumed as human food and its vines fed to livestock as fodder. Currently the average national yield is 5.6 ton/ha against a potential of 50 tons/ha in Kenya. The low production is attributed to poor agronomic practices like poor land preparation, variety selection, and low use of fertilizers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Diammonium phosphate application on the yield components of sweet potato and examine the response of SPK004, the local check (Odinga) and Mugande varieties to the same fertilizer. The research was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with fifteen treatments replicated three times from September 2010 to February 2011 at the Homa-bay Agricultural training centre farm . Data was collected on yield components of sweet potato mainly fresh roots and vines and harvest index was determined. Data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to check whether there were significant differences between the treatments. Pair wise comparison was then conducted to determine where the differences were where necessary (a= 0.05). The yield components increased with the DAP application levels. The rate of increase was highest at 125 kg/ha but reduced at 150 kg/ha where the number of roots increased while their weight reduced. 125 kg/ha of DAP is best level of application. SPK004 increased most in fresh root yield followed by Mugande and then the local check Odinga. Mugande led in fresh vine yield and total biomass followed by SPK004 and then Odinga. The mean harvest index was above 0.44. Mugande can be planted as a dual purpose variety while SPK004 can be planted when roots are a priority. The local check variety (Odinga) should be improved through breeding to increase both root and vine biomass production potential.
Effect of Different Spacing Intervals on Growth and Yield of Cowpeas Varieties in Kilifi County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2020-11) Nderi, Leonard Mugendi
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] walp) is an ancient leguminous plant that is indigenous to Africa. Cowpea is commonly cultivated in the Middle East region, South United States, Asia, Africa, and throughout the sub-tropics and tropics. In Kenya, cowpea is the most important grain legume after common beans and pigeon peas. In Kilifi County and the entire Coastal Kenya, cowpea crop is considered as the most crucial African leafy vegetable (ALV), being the main source of dietary protein, especially for the urban and rural poor. The major constraints facing cowpea production in Coastal Kenya include unavailability of quality seed, lack of technical packages, low plant population and general lack of awareness of the potential the crop holds in mitigating poverty and malnutrition challenges in the community. A field experiment was carried out at Mtwapa Agricultural Training Centre-(ATC) demonstration farm to determine the effect of different spacing intervals on growth and yield of cowpea varieties. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 12 treatment combinations consisting of 4 (four) cowpea varieties namely Ken kunde, Katumani 80 (K80), KVU 27-1 and Machakos 66 (M66) and 3 (three) spacing intervals, 40x20 cm, 50x20 cm (Control) and 60x20 cm. It was replicated three times. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the effect of different plant population on growth and yield of cowpea, to evaluate growth and yield of different cowpea varieties and to determine the interaction effect between cowpea varieties and plant population density. The yield parameters investigated were pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed weight per plant, total seed weight per plot and harvest index. Plant height, number of branches and above ground biomass were the growth parameters investigated. The results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatment means for pod length, 100 seed weight, above ground biomass, total seed weight per plot and harvest index. There were no significant differences (P >0.05) between treatment means for height of plant, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of seeds per plant. Different responses were noted as a result of spacing variations. The mean number of branches, mean number of pods per plant, mean number of seeds per pod, mean seed weight per plant and the mean above ground biomass increased with variation of spacing intervals from 40x20 cm to 60x20 cm. The mean plant height and mean total seed weight per plot decreased with variation of spacing intervals from 40x20 cm to 60x20 cm. KVU 27-1 had the highest mean pod length, mean 100 seed weight and highest grain yield of 2,310 kg/ha. The yields of Machakos 66, Katumani 80 and Ken Kunde were 2,120 kg/ha, 1,860 kg/ha and 1,050 kg/ha respectively. Machakos 66 had the highest mean above ground biomass. The highest mean pod length was realized at the spacing interval of 40x20 cm whereas the highest mean above ground biomass was at the spacing interval of 60x20 cm. For agricultural practitioners with cowpea maximum biomass yield as the motive, the spacing interval of 60x20 cm is recommended. Cowpea variety KVU 27-1 and spacing interval 40 x 20 cm are recommended for maximum cowpea grain yield in Kilifi County.
Effect of Early Pyrethrum (Crysanthemum Cinerariaefolium) Seed Harvesting on Germination in Molo District
(KeMU, 2011-07) Machogu, Obed Obare
Seed is the main source of planting material in pyrethrum; whereby the farmers raise seedlings to establish pyrethrum fields. In the recent past pyrethrum production has been on the decline and currently it's at its lowest ebb and this has affected farmers' income. It is noted that lack of seed as a source of planting material is contributory factor to the decline. The aim of the study is to find out the effect of early seed harvesting on germination, as this may address the problem of seed shortage by reducing the harvesting period. The varieties tasted for germination were P-4, K218 and K235. Whose seed stages taken into account were stage 7, 8 and 9 . At stage 7 the seed is considered physiologically mature but with high moisture content, followed by stage 8 and 9. The study was centered on germination and their correlation to moisture content and seed weight. The seed was sown in a nursery using randomized complete block design and data analysis was done using statistical analysis system (SAS) version 8. The least significant difference test was used to separate the means at a= 0.05. The site of the experiment was KARI- Molo (National Pyrethrum Research Centre). The study showed that stage 7 of all varieties had the highest moisture content while the seed weight was low. Variety K235 recorded moisture content of 56% while variety K218 and P-4 recorded 57%. The study showed that moisture content did not affect germination, The results of the trials did not affect germination since the correlation coefficient of germination to moisture was negative at r = -0.52, p = 0.05. In general the stages can be harvested at the same time. The highest germination percentage was recorded in stage 9 of K218 in all the germination trials, while the lowest germination percentage recorded in stage 7 of all the varieties (K218, K235 and p-4).
Effect of NPK Fertilizer Rates and Leaf Harvesting Intensity on Leaf and Fruit Yield of Dual Purpose Pumpkin
(KeMU, 2016-07) Silei, Thomas Kipkorir
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is a dual purpose vegetable in the family Cucurbitaceae. It is grown for its fruits and leaves which are a source of nutrition and income. This has led to high demand of this plant hence need of proper cultural management to achieve high yields. There is, however, no documentation of cultural practices that can help optimize both vegetable and fruit yield of the dual purpose pumpkin. This research was aimed at determining the optimal leaf harvesting intensity (LHI) and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (NPK) rates that lead to achievement of high leaf and fruit yields. The leaf harvesting intensity was done at 4 different levels: Zero leaf, one, two and three leaves harvested per week per branch. NPK (17:17:17) fertilizer also applied at 4 levels: 0 kg/ha-1, 100 kg/ha-1, 150 kg/ha-1 and 200 kg/ha-1. The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The variables assessed are leaf yield, and fruit yield. Leaf harvesting commenced when the plant had 15 leaves and continued on a weekly basis. Parameters measured include number of seed and 100 seed weight, number and weight of fruits. Data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance, SPSS and means of significant treatments subjected to mean separation using least significance difference at α ≤ 0.05. ANOVA showed that there are significant differences for fertilizer rates and number of leaves picked. (p<0.05). Fruit and leaf yield of pumpkin was the highest at 150 kg/ha-1, the number and weight of seed were higher at this rate than other NPK levels. Therefore, I recommend that 150 kg/ha-1 NPK fertilizer rate is the optimum NPK level for C. pepo and leaf harvesting intensity of 1, 2, or 3 leaves per week did not have any significant difference and this means that families who use the leaves as vegetables can pluck three leaves per week without significantly affecting the rate of photosynthesis at the location where this experiment was conducted.
Effect of Phosphate Fertilizer Rates on Cowpea Planted at Three Different Spacing Intervals in Tana River County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2016-07) Munialo, Milton Sunguti
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a major source of dietary protein for both humans and animals in many parts of the world along tropical and sub-tropical belt. Annual world production was estimated at 3.3 million tons of grain from 12.5 million ha. In Kenya it is mainly grown marginal drought prone areas. Cowpea production in Tana River is highly constrained by poor agronomic practices, prevalence of pests and diseases, frequent droughts, erratic rainfall patterns and poor soil fertility. There has been inconsistent and variable information on cowpea spacing and Phosphorus application. A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer application and spacing interval on growth and yield of seed cowpea (K80) under irrigation. The treatment consisted of three spacing intervals of 60x30 cm, 60x20 cm and 60x15 cm and four different rates of Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer (TSP) i.e. 30 kg P/ha, 25 kg P/ha, 20 kg P/ha and 0 kg P/ha. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results revealed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in growth and yield of seed cowpea (K80) due to spacing and Triple Super Phosphate application. The highest results obtained at 60x30 cm and at 30 kg P/ha Triple Super Phosphate level. It can be concluded that 60x30 cm and 30 kg P/ha are appropriate for better growth and yield of seed cowpea. It is therefore recommended to apply triple super phosphate fertilizer and adopt 60x30 cm spacing interval for improved cowpea production. Additionally, regular soil testing is recommended so as apply Triple Super Phosphate in appropriate rates. More research work should be done using different spacing intervals and different fertilizer application rates to determine the most appropriate spacing interval and fertilizer application rate for improved cowpea production.
Effect of Phosphorus Application on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Potatoes in Embu West Sub-County
(KeMU, 2022-10) Wanja, Mugai Tabitha
Sweet potato is among the drought-resistant crops that take a short period to mature. Therefore, sweet potato plays a significant role in food security in Kenya because of its high degree of flexibility. Embu West Sub County's main economic activity is agriculture, which is the economic pillar of Embu County. Most farmers at the grassroots level have not been able to access proper fertilization on their farms because of a lack of adequate and authentic knowledge. This study focused on the sweet potato fertilization regime, especially the application of phosphorous. The of study's objectives were; to determine the yield potential of three sweet potato varieties, to determine the effect of P levels on growth and yield of sweet potatoes and to evaluate the effect of interaction between the sweet potato varieties and P levels. The study was carried out in Embu west at KARLO EMBU farm in two different seasons season 1 during the long rains (April to September2016) while season 2 was carried out during the short rains (November 2016 to April 2017). Land was cleared, dug and harrowed to fine tilth manually. Using RCBD, land was divided into three blocks. Each block had twelve plots each measuring three meters by three meters. Each plot received a combination of two treatments that is sweet potato variety and a specific level of P. Treatments was randomly assigned on the experimental units. The sweet potato varieties used were SPK004(V1), Kenspot 3(V2) and Kenspot 4(V3).The P fertilizer levels used were 0 kg/ha(P1), 25 kg/ha(P2), 50 kg/ha(P3), and 75 kg/ha(P4). Data on specific growth and yield parameters was collected throughout the study period, the collected data was summarized using excel. SPSS version 23 was used for ANOVA, at α=0.05.For treatment means that were significantly different LSD as Post hoc test was used to separate them. The study showed significant yield potential difference in all yield parameters among the three sweet potato varieties with Kenspot 4 being the highest producer of both marketable tubers yield and biomass above the ground. The study showed that the amount of P applied significantly affect growth and yield of sweet potatoes with a P level of 50 kg/ha being the recommended rate. According to this study, interaction between the variety of sweet potatoes and the P levels applied had no significant influence on the growth and yield of sweet potato
The Effect of Plant Density and Defoliation Frequency on the Biomass of Spider
(KeMU, 2011-07) Nyakundi, Yabesh Matara
A study was carried out at Geta village of Mochenwa location Gesima division, in Masaba North District in the year 2010 to determine the effects of plant density and defoliation frequency on the leaf, seed and root yield (biomass) of spider (Cleome gynandra)plant. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Three plant spacing of 45 x 15 cm, 30 x 15 cm and broadcasting (control) were used. Poly bags measuring 45 x 45 cm were used to pot plants for root harvest. Yield components measured included leaf length leaf width, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed yield and root biomass. Four defoliation frequencies were applied, no harvesting, 5 days, 10 days and 15 days intervals. Artificial leaf defoliation was carried out at each of the stages at an intensity of 50% mature leaf using a pair of scissors. Ten (10) individual plants randomly selected from each of the harvest plots after throwing a quadrant and avoiding the border rows were defoliated and their fresh and air dried weights recorded. The length and width of the basal leaf from the ten randomly selected were measured using a tape measure at each harvest interval. Plant height and number of pods per plant were done 63 days after sowing and recorded. The seed was also harvested at physiological maturity by chopping off the pods with a pair of scissors and their air dried weights recorded. Root biomass was taken 75 days after sowing from the potted plants and separately recorded. The SPSS software package (version 11.5) was used to analyze all the data and means were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at P < 0.05.The defoliation frequency significantly affected leaf length, fresh and dry leaf weight, plant height, seed and root yield. Fresh leaf weight and plant height were significantly higher at a spacing of 30 x 15 cm. Seed and root yields, leaf length, leaf width and number of pods per plant were significantly higher at a spacing of 45 x 15 cm. Harvesting frequency of 10 days significantly improved leaf yields but reduced seed and root yields compared to 5 days and 15 days frequencies. The 5 day defoliation frequency stressed the plants more as shown from the low yields and yield components .
The Effect of Plant Growth Enhancers and Di-Ammonium Phosphate on Performance of Gadam Sorghum in Nyeri County
(KeMU, 2016-07) Maina, Pauline Wambui
Africa’s low agricultural productivity has many causes, including scarce and scant knowledge of improved practices, low use of improved seed, low fertilizer use, unfavorable weather conditions, inadequate irrigation, pests and diseases, conflict, absence of strong institutions, ineffective policies, and low and declining soil fertility. Kenya’s long-term vision is to transform into an industrialized middle income country by 2030. Agriculture plays a vital role in development and is often referred to as the backbone of the country’s economy and one of the primary causes of food and nutritional insecurity is low agricultural productivity. Humic substances are a category of naturally occurring organic compounds that arise from the decomposition and transformation of plant, animal, and microbial residues. Humic materials have been used in many ways for plant production. In this study, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of plant growth enhancers on growth and grain yield of sorghum. The experiment was conducted at Wambugu Farm of Wambugu Agricutural Training Centre, Nyeri county using Gadam sorghum variety as the test-crop in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the short rain season of Oct-December 2013. Four levels of basal fertilizer (Di-Ammonium Phosphate) were applied at planting. Later in the season, two growth enhancers (Super Gro and Biodeposit Elixir) were used at three levels (25%, 50% & 100%) in the treatments and replicated three times with controls allowed at every fertilizer level. The treatments were applied three times on fortnightly basis (30/12/13; 13/11/14 & 27/2/14) i.e. during the growth stage and stopped at flowering. The results on plant height show p= 0.998 on the enhancers; p=0.730 from the fertilizer; and p=1 in the growth enhancers: fertilizer interaction. The results on flowering indicate p= 0.012 on the enhancers; p=0.0 from the fertilizer levels; and p=0.004 in the growth enhancers: fertilizer level interaction. A post hoc comparison to test for difference in means for different enhancers showed that the flowering was significantly affected at DAP levels of 25% (low fertility). The results on tillering, indicate p= 0.575 on the enhancers; p=0.855 from the fertilizer levels; and p=0.454 in the growth enhancers: fertilizer level interaction. The results on length of head, indicate p= 0.525 on the enhancers; p=0.3 from the fertilizer levels; and p=0.532 in the growth enhancers: fertilizer level interaction. The results on grain weight, indicate p= 0.752 on the enhancers; p=0.829 from the growth enhancers: fertilizer interaction; but p=0.000 from the fertilizer levels. The results of this study which show the growth enhancers had no significant difference on growth and yield of Gadam sorghum. The conclusion of the research is that use of growth enhancers on Gadam sorghum did not have any yield advantage but could enhance maturity and could therefore be useful with shortage of rains. This study does not recommend the use of either Super Gro or Biodeposit Elixir on Gadam sorghum. Further research on biostimulants is recommended to protect the farmers from unscrupulous traders.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (NAA) and Leaf Harvesting Intervals on the Performance of Cowpea ( Vigna Unguiculata) Intigania West Sub-County
(KeMU, 2016-07) Ithili, Regina Kamukwi
The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) belongs to the family of Fabaceae .It is legume grown mainly in the savanna regions of the tropics and subtopics in Africa, Asia and South America. Cowpea is an important food crop in both the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In developing countries, the seeds are an important source of protein for the rural and urban poor whereas the green part of the plant that are used as vegetable supply roughage and minerals. Cowpea can be harvested in three; leaves, when the pods are young and green, mature and green, and dry. Plant growth and development are the processes regulated by certain chemicals known as plant growth regulators (PRGs). The reason why the researcher carried out the study on cowpea was because it is a typical warm season crop adapted to tropics, drought tolerance, short growing period and its multipurpose use. Machakos 66 (M66) variety was used because can be grown between 1200 and 1500 metre above sea level. The experiment was carried out at Meru University of Science and Technology Farm and laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times in a plot measuring 3 by 3 m each and a path of 60 cm to investigate the effect of leaf harvesting interval and plant growth regulator application on the performance of cowpea. Two treatments were done on the crop; (1) leaf harvesting interval of 7 and 14 days after 28 days of germination, (2) plant growth regulator application on the crop leaves at four ( 4) levels. The aerial part of the plants was sprayed thrice at 30th , 50th and 70th days after germination (DAG) with plant growth regulator -'synthetic auxin solution at 0, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 ml /l (NAA) levels where on control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Plant observations were made mainly on plant height, number of branches, number of pod, length of pod, number of seeds per pod, number of leaves per plant and weight of fresh leaves per plant on ten randomly sampled plants. Analysis of the data collected was done using ANOVAs using SPSS version 20. After the analysis the results showed that defoliation had a significant (p<05) influence on the growth and yield of cowpea. The higher growth regulator application of 0.25 ml/litre produced the highest seed yield as compared to control with no growth regulator application. The 7 days harvesting interval was ideal for leaf yield and 14 days interval was ideal for highest seed yield. According to the study growers can be recommended to utilize the plant growth regulator to produce more of leaves and production of seeds for household consumption.
Effect of Planting Time on the Growth and Yield of Three Cowpea Cultivars in Makindu Ward of Makueni County, Kenya
(KeMU, 2016-07) Ngululu, Lucas Makau
The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) crop is valued for its multiple uses as food, fodder, green manure, and as cover crop for conservation agriculture, weed and soil erosion control. It improves the soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and is drought tolerant and can be grown on a variety of soils and climatic conditions. The crop is of high nutritive value, but its yield in Makindu ward of Makueni County has remained low sometimes at 0.13 t/ha despite its potential yield of 1.5 t/ha. Inappropriate husbandry practices by the farmers such as untimely planting among many others partly contribute to this. An experimental study was carried out with view to investigate the effect of the timing of planting in relation to the onset of rains on the growth and yield of cowpea cultivars in the ward. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) during March-April- May, 2013 and replicated in a similar season in 2014. The treatments comprised planting at three time regimes viz. onset of rain, then one and two weeks after onset of rain. Three cowpea cultivars namely KVU 27-1, M66, and a local variety denoted as V1, V2, and V3, respectively were included in the study. Fifteen out of forty four plants in each plot was sampled out to act as representative of the total population. Data was collected weekly based on a number of growth and yield parameters, and was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The experiment revealed that the timing of planting in relation to onset of rains had significant (p<0.05) effects on the days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, the height of the plants, the number of branches per plant, the number of pedicules per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, the grain weight per plant, the weight of a hundred grains, the grain yield per hectare, and the above ground biomass weight. As regards the cultivars KVU 27-1 was early maturing, produced the highest number of pods per plant as well as the highest number of grains per pod. Its grain yield was 478 kgs/ha. On the other hand, although the local variety grew the shortest in height and was late maturing, it scored the best in terms of 100-seed weight, grain yield/ha (632 kgs), above ground biomass weight and even in the harvest index. Therefore, since the three varieties were subjected to similar conditions during their growth and development stages, the local is thus recommended for the farmers in Makindu ward of makueni County, Kenya.
Effect of Spacing and Fertilization Regime on Gadam Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Growth and Yield in Mbeere South
(KeMU, 2016-07) Mwanza, John
An experiment was carried out in two sites namely: Machang’a Secondary School Farm, and in a nearby former KARI site about a kilometer apart, all in Kiritiri division - Mbeere South Sub-County, 10 and 11km southeast of Kiritiri town respectively. They lie in the Agro ecological zone LM4 (marginal cotton zone) that ranges between 1000-1280 m above sea level, whereas the sites altitude is about 1080 m above sea level. The purpose was to evaluate the appropriate spacing and fertilization regime for Gadam sorghum. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in the experimental sites conducted concurrently in the 2014 short rains so as to fast track the process, as well as, to guide against the possibility event of failed 2015 long rains due to their erratic nature, which would have ultimately led to lack of results data. Three different spacing treatments were subjected to four different fertilization levels/regimes. Primary data collected was compared and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ver. 22). The results showed that there were significant relationships in the interactions between the spacing treatments and fertilization regimes. The application of fertilizer significantly affected grain weight, leaf length and the above ground biomass at the 100 kg/ha fertilizer level and 75x30 cm intra-row spacing an indication of healthy crop growth and yield. High number of leaves lengths per plant at fertilizer application 100 kg/ha may have provided more surfaces for photosynthesis and assimilates production adequate for growth and yield and thus optimum grain weight. Considering the main effect and interaction, spacing at 75x30 cm showed to favour the growth and yield of the Gadam sorghum, under the Mbeere South Sub-county. From this study therefore, and for economic reasons, the 100 kg/ha fertilizer level, and 75x30 cm intra-row spacing, can be recommended for sorghum production in this Sub-County.
Effect of Spacing and Number of Plants per Hill on Growth and Yield of SC Duma 43 in the Coastal Lowlands
(KeMU, 2021-09) Ochami, Fredrick Akaliche
Maize (zea mays L.) is an important cereal grain globally as feed, and food for human and livestock respectively, rated third after wheat and rice in terms of production. The per capita consumption is 103 kg per person annually in Kenya, at the coastal lowlands it is rated first ahead of cassava and sweet potatoes. Maize is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and minerals for the inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa. Maize production at coast is constrained by inadequate knowledge of agronomic practices such as spacing, plants per hill, crop management, limited arable land and choice of suitable cultivar choice and climate change. This study was conducted at Sugar Research Institute farm, Kikambala sub-county, Kilifi County between May and November 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, to evaluate the effect of four inter row spacing S1 (60 cm), S2 (70 cm), S3 (80 cm) and S4 (90 cm) and the number of plants per hill of 1, 2 and 4 as a second factor tested for effect on the growth and yields of the hybrid maize variety SC DUMA 43. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split – plot arrangement was used with 3 replicates. The parameters investigated were plant height, stem diameter, cob length, weight of 1000 seeds, and grain yields per hectare. The data was summarized in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20 for ANOVA and LSD. Spacing and interaction between spacing and number of plants per hill did not show a significant effect on plant height, plant diameter and cob length. However, an inter – row spacing of 70 cm gave a significantly lower mean weight of 1000 seeds (312.48 g) against a highest mean value of 342.60 g for 80 cm which was however, not significantly different from the means obtained with 60 and 90 cm. The number of plants per hill significantly affected all growth and yield parameters with the highest grain yield recorded for 2 plants per hill (6543 kgha-1) against a lowest mean value of 4575.4 kgha-1 obtained with 4 plants per hill. Stem diameter, cob length, weight of 1000 seeds decreased significantly as the number of plants per hill increased. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that for higher grain yields with the variety SC DUMA 43, planting should be done at 2 plants per hill and a spacing 80 × 30 cm.
The Effect of Timing Transplanting on Performance of Baby Corn (Zea Mays L).
(KeMU, 2011-09) Murithi, Richard Kirigiah
The country is facing the problem of rainfall shortage due to global warming as a result of climatic change. Horticulture farming helps the farmer to generate income and also helps the country to generate foreign currency through the export of vegetables and creates employment to many unemployed youth in Kenya.It was in the light of the above that the study was designed to establish the right transplanting stage of baby corn. The overall objective of this study was to establish the effect of timing of transplanting of baby corn on its performance. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effect of transplanting age on cob length, cob diameter and cob weight, establish the relationship between transplanting age and maturity period and establish the effect of transplanting age on plant maturity height. This study was an experimental one and was limited to Imenti Central district. The treatments were based on the age of the seedlings at transplanting stage. There were four treatments namely; Direct seeding – T0, Fourteen day old seedlings – T1, Twenty one day old seedlings - T2, Twenty eight day old seedlings - T3. The study was carried out in researcher's farm in Nduruma location of Abothuguchi West division of Meru County. The farm had been previously been under horticultural crops cultivation including cabbages, carrots, french beans and snow peas. The farm had not been under maize crop for the last five (5) years. The nursery bed and the seedbed were prepared on the same day. The seedbed was prepared by digging and thereafter, the land was harrowed to attain a medium tilth. Planting holes of 10cm depth were dug up at 15cm intervals along the row. Transplanting of maize on each of the plots was done on defined variable times and plots for each of the category and treatments were labelled accordingly. The plants were closely monitored and follow up was made on a routine basis to ensure that the experiments captured all observations in each of the plots. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained from the field. One-way ANOVA with Turkey post-test was performed. Study findings revealed that 14-day old seedlings produced the highest performance yields and beyond 21-day old seedlings performance was reduced significantly. This study established that transplanting after 14 days decreased the flowering age, while transplanting after 28 days delayed the maturity. It was also established that transplanting at 14 days significantly increased cob weight. This study also concluded that transplanting after 14 days increased the apical height of baby corn, while transplanting after 28 days resulted into significantly shorter baby corn. Generally yield attributes like length of cob, number of cobs per plant and cob weight reduced gradually with the increment of age of seedlings. The study established that there was no significant relationship between transplanting and leaf length. Transplanting at days 14, 21 and 18 did not affect leaf length of baby corn, an implication that transplanting increased yield in terms of number of cobs per plant. This study therefore recommends that baby corn seedlings transplanting should be performed at the age of 14 days to achieve the highest performance in terms of yield. This study did not establish the influence of transplanting labor cost on the profit margin. Further research is needed to evaluate whether transplanting is economical as compared to direct planting in respect to labor cost.
Effect Of Zai Pits, Mulch and Manure on the Growth and Yield of Green Grams in Maragua Sub County
(KeMU, 2025-09) Wilson, Gitau Kamau
Green grams are crucial for human nutrition and environmental sustainability. Abundant in protein, fiber, and other nutrients, they enhance global food security, especially in areas with restricted protein consumption. Their cultivation boosts soil health and fertility, diminishes reliance on synthetic fertilizers via nitrogen fixation, and bolsters agricultural sustainability. Green grams are essential for human health, environmental sustainability, and agricultural success. However, erratic rainfall and temperature patterns significantly affect agricultural productivity, especially in arid areas such as Maragua Subcounty, Kenya. The research was directed by the subsequent objectives: (i) Evaluation of the impact of zai pits, mulch, and manure on the growth parameters and yield of green gram production, (ii) Investigation of the impacts of mulch and manure on the yield of green gram production. The data gathered throughout the experimental phase encompassed growth metrics of green gram, including leaf count, girth, height, and yield. The field experiments employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to guarantee the reliability and robustness of the results. The study employed an experiment to assess the impact of various treatments on the growth and yield of green gram production. Two replicates, each with its corresponding experimental units. Each replication comprises eight primary plots. The total number of plots per experimental site will be 16, yielding 96 sub-plots as each plot is divided into two sub-plots to accommodate the 8 types; this configuration will constitute a split-plot design. Each plot spans 2 meters by 2 meters, and each sub-plot has treatments implemented within an area of 60 cm by 60 cm, with a spacing of 80 cm by 20 cm between treatments. The analysis and data management of the collected data were performed using SPSS. An ANOVA test was performed to statistically evaluate the significance of the observed variations in plant height among the various treatments. The results indicated that the treatments had a statistically significant impact on plant height (p < 0.001), but site and block effects were not significant, demonstrating uniformity in the treatment response across the experimental conditions. Yield statistics corroborated these findings, indicating incremental gains from traditional farming to the integrated zai pit, manure, and mulch treatments. The traditional treatment yielded the least, whereas zai pit-based treatments, particularly when supplemented with manure and mulch, yielded the most. Duncan’s multiple range test identified seven unique subsets, demonstrating incremental and statistically significant yield enhancements with each additional treatment component. The research concludes that the incorporation of zai pits with organic soil amendments such as manure and mulch markedly enhances green gram development and yield in semi-arid conditions. The integration of these strategies improves soil moisture retention, nutrient accessibility, and general plant health, leading to enhanced vegetative growth and optimal yields. Smallholder farmers in semi-arid regions should implement integrated zai pit technology alongside organic inputs, such as manure and mulch, to optimize green gram productivity and enhance resilience to moisture stress.